【金三银四】MySql索引最佳实践

使用的表

CREATE TABLE `employees` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名',
  `age` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '年龄',
  `position` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '职位',
  `hire_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '入职时间',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `idx_name_age_position` (`name`,`age`,`position`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='员工记录表';
INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('LiLei',22,'manager',NOW());
INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('HanMeimei', 23,'dev',NOW());
INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('Lucy',23,'dev',NOW());

最佳实践

1. 全值匹配

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22;

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';

2.最左前缀法则

 如果索引了多列，要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age = 22 AND position ='manager';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE position = 'manager';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei';

3.不要在索引列上做任何操作（计算、函数、（自动or手动）类型转换），会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE left(name,3) = 'LiLei';

4.存储引擎不能使用索引中范围条件右边的列

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age > 22 AND position ='manager';

5.尽量使用覆盖索引（只访问索引的查询（索引列包含查询列）），减少select *语句

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position ='manager';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position ='manager';

6.mysql在使用不等于（！=或者<>）的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name != 'LiLei';

7.is null,is not null 也无法使用索引

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name is null;

8.like以通配符开头（'$abc...'）mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描操作

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like 'Lei%';

问题：解决like'%字符串%'索引不被使用的方法？

a）使用覆盖索引，查询字段必须是建立覆盖索引字段

EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,position FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei%';

b）当覆盖索引指向的字段是varchar(380)及380以上的字段时，覆盖索引会失效！

9.字符串不加单引号索引失效

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = '1000';

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 1000;

10.少用or,用它连接时很多情况下索引会失效

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei' or name = 'HanMeimei';

11.in和exsits优化

原则：小表驱动大表，即小的数据集驱动大的数据集

• 
  

  in：当B表的数据集必须小于A表的数据集时，in优于exists

  select * from A where id in (select id from B)

  
  

  explain select * from film where id in(select film_id from film_actor);

• exists：当A表的数据集小于B表的数据集时，exists优于in 将主查询A的数据，放到子查询B中做条件验证，根据验证结果（true或false）来决定主查询的数据是否保留 select * from A where exists (select 1 from B where B.id = A.id) #A表与B表的ID字段应建立索引

  explain select * from film where exists (select 1 from film_actor where film_actor.film_id = film.id)

1、EXISTS (subquery)只返回TRUE或FALSE,因此子查询中的SELECT * 也可以是SELECT 1或select X,官方说法是实际执行时会忽略SELECT清单,因此没有区别

2、EXISTS子查询的实际执行过程可能经过了优化而不是我们理解上的逐条对比

3、EXISTS子查询往往也可以用JOIN来代替，何种最优需要具体问题具体分析

总结

like KK%相当于=常量，%KK和%KK% 相当于范围