Django开发

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环境安装和配置

pip install virtualenv -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
pip install virtualenvwrapper-win
mkvirtualenv web  #创建虚拟环境
workon web  #切换到虚拟机环境
pip install django==2.2.7

#settings.py
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
#TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_TZ = False

应用环境配置

创建应用

>cd <项目目录>
>python manage.py startapp blog

• migrations

  迁移文件集合

• admin.py：项目的后台

• apps.py：应用设置

• models.py：模型（数据库）

• views.py：视图（页面请求和响应）

注册应用

• 修改settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
   ...
    'blog.apps.BlogConfig'
]

数据库配置

• 启动mysql服务

• [shuyun@master ~]$ sudo service mysqld start
  Starting mysqld:                                           [  OK  ]
  
  
  

• 用户: root

• 密码：123456

• 端口：3306

• 数据库连接参数:

• 确认虚拟机IP

[shuyun@master ~]$ ifconfig
eth5      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:50:56:3A:1F:12  
          inet addr:192.168.89.200  Bcast:192.168.89.255  Mask:255.255.255.0

• settings.py完成mysql配置

• 开发环境

  DATABASES = {
      'default': {
          'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
          'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
      }
  }
  
  
  

• 生产环境

DATABASES = {
    'default':{
        'ENGINE':'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME':'blog',
        'USER':'root',
        'PASSWORD':'123456',
        'HOST':'192.168.89.200',
        'PORT':3306,
    }
}

安装pymysql

pip install PyMySQL 

修改blogproj/init.py

import pymysql 
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

创建数据库和授权

[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql> create database blog;
mysql> grant all on blog.* to root@'%' identified by '123456';

创建管理员账号

用户：admin，密码：admin

python manage.py createsuperuser

数据模型

在models.py中完成如下配置

博客模型

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

#文章类别
class Category(models.Model):
    #默认自动生成id字段作为主键
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='名称', max_length=100)

#标签
class Tag(models.Model):
    #默认自动生成id字段作为主键
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='名称', max_length=100)

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(verbose_name='标题', max_length=100)
    body = models.TextField(verbose_name='正文') #TextField存储大段文本
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建时间')
    modified_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='修改时间')
    excerpt = models.CharField(verbose_name='摘要',max_length=255)
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE,verbose_name='类别') #一对多
    tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag, blank=True,verbose_name='标签') #多对多
    author = models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE,verbose_name='用户')

数据库迁移

python manage.py makemigrations #创建迁移文件
python manage.py migrate #迁移到数据库

ORM操作

存数据

>python manage.py shell
In [1]: from blog.models import Category,Tag,Post
#写入类别
In [2]: cate = Category(name='test cate1')
In [3]: cate.save()
#写入标签
In [4]: tag = Tag(name='test tag1')
In [5]: tag.save()
#写入博客
In [2]: from django.contrib.auth.models import User
In [8]: from django.utils import timezone
In [4]: user = User.objects.get(username='admin')
In [7]: post = Post(title='title_test1',body='body_test1',create_time=timezone.now(),modified_time=timezone.now(),category=cate,author=user)
post.save()

读数据

#读取category
In [18]: cateall = Category.objects.all()
In [19]: cateall
Out[19]: <QuerySet [<Category: Category object (1)>, <Category: Category object (2)>]>
In [20]: cateall[0]
Out[20]: <Category: Category object (1)>
In [21]: cateall[0].name
Out[21]: 'test cate1'
#TODO练习：读取post的body数据
In [22]: post = Post.objects.all()
In [23]: post[0].body
Out[23]: 'body_test1'

删数据

#删类别
In [24]: cate1 = Category.objects.get(name='test cate1')
In [26]: cate1.delete()
Out[26]: (1, {'blog.Category': 1})
#TODO练习：删除post数据
In [27]: post = Post.objects.get(id=1)

In [28]: post.delete()
Out[28]: (1, {'blog.Post_tags': 0, 'blog.Post': 1})

视图

视图函数

• 修改了blog/views.py

  from django.http import HttpResponse
  
  def index(request):
      return HttpResponse("欢迎学习Django！")
  
  
  

URL绑定

• 配置项目URL：blogproj/urls.py

  ....
  from django.conf.urls import url,include
  
  urlpatterns = [
      ...
      url(r'',include('blog.urls'))
  ]
  
  
  

• 在blog项目目录下创建urls.py文件

• 添加代码

  from django.conf.urls import url,include
  from . import views
  
  urlpatterns = [
      url(r'', views.index, name='index')
  ]
  
  
  

• 启动开发服务

  python manage.py runserver #默认8000端口
  #Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
  python manage.py runserver 127.0.0.1:8001 #指定端口启动
  
  
  

  浏览器访问

  
  

  
  

模板系统

模板指静态页面（html）

静态文件：css、js

• 创建templates/blog目录，新建index.html

  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html lang="en">
  <head>
      <meta charset="UTF-8">
      <title>{{ title }}</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  <h1>{{ welcome }}</h1>
  </body>
  </html>
  
  
  

{{ title }}，{{ welcome }}：模板变量

• 修改views.py

def index(request):
    context = {'title':"Dylan的Blog", 'welcome':'欢迎来到我的博客'}
    return render(request, 'blog/index.html', context=context)

• 刷新页面

  
  

  
  

博客首页

静态文件

• 拷贝模板

• 项目目录下创建static/blog目录

• 拷贝css和js到上述目录

• 拷贝index.html到templates/blog目录

• 修改settings

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static')  #新增

• 修改index.html

{% load static %}
...
    <!-- css -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'blog/css/bootstrap.min.css' %}">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.ionicframework.com/ionicons/2.0.1/css/ionicons.min.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'blog/css/pace.css' %}">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'blog/css/custom.css' %}">

    <!-- js -->
    <script src="{% static 'blog/js/jquery-2.1.3.min.js' %}"></script>
    <script src="{% static 'blog/js/bootstrap.min.js' %}"></script>
    <script src="{% static 'blog/js/pace.min.js' %}"></script>
    <script src="{% static 'blog/js/modernizr.custom.js' %}"></script>
</head>
...
<script src="{% static 'blog/js/script.js' %}"></script>
</body>
...

模板修改

视图

• 修改views.py

...
from .models import Post
def index(request):
    post_list = Post.objects.all().order_by("-create_time") #按照创建时间降序排列
    context = {'post_list':post_list}
    return render(request, 'blog/index.html', context=context)

模板

文章列表

• 删除index.html的多余article，只保留1个

修改模板

遍历博客

                {% for post in post_list %}
                <article class="post post-{{ post.id }}">
                    ...
                </article>
                {% empty %}
                    <div class="no-post">暂时没有发布的文章！</div>
                {% endfor %}

标题

<h1 class="entry-title">
    <a href="single.html">{{ post.title }}</a>
</h1>

详情

<div class="entry-meta">
    <span class="post-category"><a href="#">{{ post.category.name }}</a></span>
    <span class="post-date"><a href="#"><time class="entry-date"
                                              datetime="{{ post.create_time }}">{{ post.create_time }}</time></a></span>
    <span class="post-author"><a href="#">{{ post.author.username }}</a></span>
...
</div>

摘要

<div class="entry-content clearfix">
    <p>{{ post.excerpt }}</p>
    ...

后台

注册模型

• 修改blog/admin.py

from .models import Category,Tag,Post

admin.site.register(Category)
admin.site.register(Tag)
admin.site.register(Post)

汉化

• 应用汉化, apps.py

class BlogConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'blog'
    verbose_name = '博客'

• 模型汉化, models.py

class Category(models.Model):
...
    class Meta:
        verbose_name='类别'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name  #复数形式
class Tag(models.Model):
...
    class Meta:
        verbose_name='标签'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name  #复数形式
class Post(models.Model):
...
    class Meta:
        verbose_name='文章'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name  #复数形式

• 返回结果（对象->字符串)

class Category(models.Model):
...
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
class Tag(models.Model):
...
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
class Post(models.Model):
...
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

定制后台

• 只显示需要的字段

admin.site.register(Category)
admin.site.register(Tag)

class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title','create_time','modified_time','category','author']

admin.site.register(Post,PostAdmin)

• 控制表单展示的字段和填充当前用户作为作者

  admin.py

...
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title','create_time','modified_time','category','author']
    fields = ['title','body','excerpt','category','tags']
    
    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
        obj.author = request.user #当前用户赋值
        super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)
...

• 自动填充创建时间和修改时间

  models.py

from django.utils import timezone
class Post(models.Model):
...
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建时间',default=timezone.now)
...
    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.modified_time = timezone.now()  #修改时间的自动调整
        super().save(*args,**kwargs)

详情页

URL映射

• url绑定

  blog/urls.py

  urlpatterns = [
      path(r'', views.index, name='index'),
      path('posts/<int:pk>', views.detail, name='detail')
  ]
  
  

• 视图

  views.py

  from django.shortcuts import render,get_object_or_404
  ...
  def detail(request,pk):
      post = get_object_or_404(Post, pk=pk)
      context = {'post':post}
      return render(request,'blog/detail.html',context)
  
  

• 模板

• 把single.html拷贝到templates/blog目录，更名为detail.html

• blog/urls.py增加app_name

  app_name = 'blog'
  ...
  
  

• index.html

  <header class="entry-header">
      <h1 class="entry-title">
          <a href="{{ post.get_absolute_url }}">{{ post.title }}</a>
      </h1>
  
  

• models.py

  from django.urls import reverse
  ...
  class Post(models.Model):
  ...
      def get_absolute_url(self):
          return reverse('blog:detail', kwargs={'pk':self.pk})
  
  

模板继承

模板页

• 创建templates/base.html，把index.html的内容拷贝过来，修改如下：

  <div class="content-body">
  ...
              <main class="col-md-8">
                  {% block main %}
                  {% endblock main %}
              </main>
              <aside class="col-md-4">
                  {% block aside %}
                  {% endblock aside %}
              </aside>
  ...
  </div>
  
  

主页继承模板

• 修改index.html

  {% extends 'base.html' %}
  {% block main %}
                  {% for post in post_list %}
                  <article class="post post-{{ post.id }}">
                     ...
                  </article>
                  {% empty %}
                      <div class="no-post">暂时没有发布的文章！</div>
                  {% endfor %}
  
                  <div class="pagination">
                  ...
                  </div>
  {% endblock main %}
  
  
  

详情页继承模板

{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block main %}
                <article class="post post-{{ post.pk }}">
                    <header class="entry-header">
                        <h1 class="entry-title">{{ post.title }}</h1>
                        <div class="entry-meta">
                            <span class="post-category"><a href="#">{{ post.category.name }}</a></span>
                            <span class="post-date"><a href="#"><time class="entry-date"
                                                                      datetime="{{ post.create_time }}">{{ post.create_time }}</time></a></span>
                            <span class="post-author"><a href="#">{{ post.author.username }}</a></span>
                            <span class="comments-link"><a href="#">4 评论</a></span>
                            <span class="views-count"><a href="#">588 阅读</a></span>
                        </div>
                    </header>
                    <div class="entry-content clearfix">
                        {{ post.body }}
                    </div>
                </article>
                <section class="comment-area" id="comment-area">
                    ...
{% endblock main %}
{% block aside %}
                <div class="widget widget-content">
                    ...
                </div>
{% endblock aside %}

• 静态文件处理

  把/static 移动到/blog目录下，并重启runserver

支持Markdown

• 安装

  >pip install markdown
  
  

• 修改detail视图，支持markdown

  ...
  def detail(request,pk):
      post = get_object_or_404(Post, pk=pk)
      #把markdown转换成html标签
      post.body = markdown.markdown(post.body, extensions=[
          'markdown.extensions.extra',
          'markdown.extensions.codehilite',
          'markdown.extensions.toc',
      ])
      context = {'post':post}
      return render(request,'blog/detail.html',context)
  ...
  
  

• detail.html增加safe标签，解除html转义

  <div class="entry-content clearfix">
      {{ post.body|safe }}
  </div>
  
  

自动生成目录

• 修改views.py

def detail(request,pk):
    post = get_object_or_404(Post, pk=pk)
    md = markdown.Markdown(extensions=[
        'markdown.extensions.extra',
        'markdown.extensions.codehilite',
        'markdown.extensions.toc',
    ])
    # 把markdown转换成html标签
    post.body = md.convert(post.body)
    post.toc = md.toc  #目录
    context = {'post':post}
    return render(request,'blog/detail.html',context)

• 修改detail.html

{% block aside %}
                <div class="widget widget-content">
                    <h3 class="widget-title">文章目录</h3>
                    {{ post.toc|safe }}
                </div>
...

自动摘要生成

重写save，修改摘要

models.py

class Post(models.Model):
 ...
    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.modified_time = timezone.now()  #修改时间的自动调整
        #生成摘要
        md = markdown.Markdown(extensions=[
            'markdown.extensions.extra',
            'markdown.extensions.codehilite',
        ])
        self.excerpt = strip_tags(md.convert(self.body))[:50]
        super().save(*args,**kwargs)

前端使用摘要标签

index.html

</header>
                    <div class="entry-content clearfix">
                        <p>{{ post.excerpt }}</p>

• 方法2：直接用模板过滤器

  index.html

                      <div class="entry-content clearfix">
                          <p>{{ post.body|truncatechars:60 }}</p>
  
  

自定义模板标签

• 创建blog/templatetags/blog_extras.py，templatetags是package

• 创建templates/blog/inclusions目录，用来存放模板标签html

最新文章

• 定义模板标签

blog_extras.py添加

from blog.models import Post,Category,Tag
from django import template
register = template.Library()

@register.inclusion_tag('blog/inclusions/_recent_posts.html',takes_context=True)
def show_recent_posts(context,num=3):
    post_list = Post.objects.all().order_by('-create_time')[:num]
    return {'recent_post_list':post_list}

• 添加模板

创建templates/blog/inclusions/_recent_posts.html

<div class="widget widget-recent-posts">
    <h3 class="widget-title">最新文章</h3>
    <ul>
        {% for post in recent_post_list %}
        <li>
            <a href="{{ post.get_absolute_url }}">{{ post.title }}</a>
        </li>
        {% empty %}
        暂无文章！
        {% endfor %}
    </ul>
</div>

• 使用模板标签

  base.html

  {% load blog_extras %}
  ...
            <aside class="col-md-4">
                  {% block aside %}
                  {% endblock aside %}
                  {% show_recent_posts %}
              </aside>
  
  

分类

• 注册分类模板标签：show_categories

  blog_extras.py

  ...
  @register.inclusion_tag('blog/inclusions/_categories.html', takes_context=True)
  def show_categories(context):
      return {'category_list':Category.objects.all()}
  
  

• 创建模板：_categories.html

   <div class="widget widget-category">
      <h3 class="widget-title">分类</h3>
      <ul>
          {% for cate in category_list %}
          <li>
              <a href="#">{{ cate.name }} <span class="post-count">(13)</span></a>
          </li>
          {% empty %}
          暂无分类！
          {% endfor %}
      </ul>
  </div>
  
  

• 使用模板标签

base.html

...
            <aside class="col-md-4">
                ...
                {% show_categories %}
            </aside>

练习1：模板标签

归档

标签云

其他页面

分类

• 视图函数

  views.py

  from .models import Post,Category
  ...
  def category(request, pk):
      cate = get_object_or_404(Category, pk=pk) #类别对象
      post_list = Post.objects.filter(category=cate).order_by('-create_time')
      return render(request, 'blog/index.html', context={'post_list':post_list})
  
  

• url映射

  blog/urls.py

  urlpatterns = [
    ...
      path('categories/<int:pk>', views.category, name='category'),
  ]
  
  

• 模板页面跳转

• 修改blog/inclusions/_categories.html

...
<li>
            <a href="{% url 'blog:category' cate.pk %}">{{ cate.name }} <span class="post-count">(13)</span></a>
...

练习2

标签页

归档页

部署

环境搭建

• python3安装、虚拟环境，依赖包

• 激活虚拟环境

  source home/shuyun/web/bin/activate
  
  

• 创建项目目录并授权给shuyun

  mkdir -p home/shuyun/program
  chown -R shuyun.shuyun home/shuyun/program
  
  

• 项目打包，上传到服务器（put、svn、git）的/home/shuyun/program

• 解压项目文件

  cd home/shuyun/program
  unzip blogproj.zip
  
  

• 测试

  cd home/shuyun/program/blogproj
  python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
  
  

浏览器访问 http://服务器IP:8000

使用gunicorn

• 确保服务器可以访问公网

• 安装

  pip3 install gunicorn
  
  

• 启动服务到后台

  nohup gunicorn blogproj.wsgi -w 2 -k gthread -b 0.0.0.0:8000 &
  
  

  浏览器访问： http://服务器IP:8000

Nginx

• 安装

  # yum install nginx -y
  
  

• 配置修改

• /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

  user shuyun;
  ...
  
  

• 创建/etc/nginx/conf.d/blogproj.conf

  server {
      charset utf-8;
      listen       8080;
      server_name  0.0.0.0;
  
      location static {
      alias home/shuyun/program/blogproj/static;
      }
  
      location  {
      proxy_set_header Host $host;
      proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
      }
  }
  
  

• 启动服务

  # service nginx start
  
  

• 收集静态文件

  $ python manage.py collectstatic
  
  

浏览器访问：http://192.168.89.200:8080/

图文 / 来源网络

版权归原作者所有，侵联删

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