docker笔记（4）- docker基本操作

运维笔记本 2019-11-19

731

简单使用容器，有下面的命令就够了。

1.启动docker服务

systemctl start docker.service
systemctl enable docker.service

2. 查找镜像

docker search nginx

3. 拉取镜像

docker pull centos  
docker pull daocloud.io/library/nginx

4. 查看镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY              TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
docker.io/hello-world   latest              f2a91732366c        5 weeks ago         1.848 kB
daocloud.io/centos      7                   196e0ce0c9fb        3 months ago        196.6 MB

5. 运行一个带标签的镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -t -i --name mydocker daocloud.io/centos:7 bin/bash 
[root@fb5b9e9601a1 ]# uname 
Linux
[root@fb5b9e9601a1 ]# uname -a 
Linux fb5b9e9601a1 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Jul 6 19:56:57 EDT 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

如果没有镜像会先从网络下载，然后再运行

[root@localhost ~]# docker run --name mydocker -d daocloud.io/centos:7 bin/bash     # -d 放入后台执行
8d71876eb3c78958c3f87a3b4d7023604d16ddca734e9f2f98cd0c29048eae7f

6. 查看正在运行的容器 docker ps

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                      COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
edd796847a66        daocloud.io/ubuntu:14.04   "/bin/bash"         36 minutes ago      Up 36 minutes                           ubuntu

7. 查看所有容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                  COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                         PORTS               NAMES
fb02f9cedb52        hello-world            "/hello"            41 minutes ago      Exited (0) 41 minutes ago                          furious_williams
8d71876eb3c7        daocloud.io/centos:7   "/bin/bash"         51 minutes ago      Exited (0) 51 minutes ago                          mydocker
fb5b9e9601a1        daocloud.io/centos:7   "/bin/bash"         About an hour ago   Exited (0) About an hour ago                       new_container
d028e1886484        hello-world            "/hello"            18 hours ago        Exited (0) 18 hours ago                            modest_bose

8. 停止所有容器

docker kill $(docker ps -a -q)

9. 删除已停止的容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker rm mydocker
mydocker
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm fb02f9cedb52
fb02f9cedb52
[root@localhost ~]# docker rm fb5b9e9601a1
fb5b9e9601a1
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                    PORTS               NAMES
d028e1886484        hello-world         "/hello"            19 hours ago        Exited (0) 19 hours ago                       modest_bose

10. 删除所有已停止的容器

docker rm $(docker ps -a -q)

11. 进入容器 docker attach

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -itd --name mycentos daocloud.io/centos:7 
24dc0e0140a392168f2157189d0410754448540079ea751008f087a01b204d32
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                  COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                    PORTS               NAMES
24dc0e0140a3        daocloud.io/centos:7   "/bin/bash"         5 seconds ago       Up 4 seconds                                  mycentos
d028e1886484        hello-world            "/hello"            19 hours ago        Exited (0) 19 hours ago                       modest_bose
[root@localhost ~]# docker attach mycentos
[root@24dc0e0140a3 ]#

12. 进入容器docker exec （推荐）

[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it ubuntu bash
root@edd796847a66:/# 
root@edd796847a66:/# 
root@edd796847a66:/# pwd
/
root@edd796847a66:/# ls
a.txt  bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@edd796847a66:/# whoami
root
root@edd796847a66:/# exit
exit

13. 宿主机和容器进行文件拷贝

[root@localhost ~]# docker attach ubuntu
root@edd796847a66:/# 
root@edd796847a66:/# vi a.txt
root@edd796847a66:/# 
root@edd796847a66:/# ls -l
total 24
-rw-r--r--.   1 root root    9 Dec 26 08:56 a.txt
drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root 4096 Dec  7 23:04 bin
drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root    6 Apr 10  2014 boot
root@edd796847a66:/# 
root@edd796847a66:/# pwd
/
root@edd796847a66:/# 
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# docker cp ubuntu:/a.txt .
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l
total 1376
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root       9 Dec 26 16:56 a.txt
[root@localhost ~]# cat a.txt 
asfasdf

14.容器重命名

[root@bogon ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
e8b3cfa6491e        ubuntu              "bash"              5 seconds ago       Up 3 seconds                            suspicious_lewin
f0557d6ec248        ubuntu              "bash"              18 minutes ago      Up 18 minutes                           loving_noyce
[root@bogon ~]# docker rename suspicious_lewin test1
[root@bogon ~]# docker rename loving_noyce test2
[root@bogon ~]# 
[root@bogon ~]# 
[root@bogon ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
e8b3cfa6491e        ubuntu              "bash"              35 seconds ago      Up 34 seconds                           test1
f0557d6ec248        ubuntu              "bash"              19 minutes ago      Up 19 minutes                           test2
[root@bogon ~]#

15.容器互联（link方式）

# 创建一个mysql容器
docker run -d -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=password --name mysqldb1 mysql:5.6


# 创建一个web容器
docker run -d -p 8000:80 --name php1 --link mysqldb1:mysqldb abiosoft/caddy:php      
# mysqldb是mysqldb1 这个容器的一个别名  
# abiosoft/caddy:php 镜像

--link name:alias,其中name是要链接的容器名称，alias是这个连接的名称，可以多次使用，php服务器可以连接多个数据库

# 进入容器ping数据库容器
[root@bogon ~]# docker exec -it php1 sh 
/srv # 
/srv # cat etc/hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.4      mysqldb c3967506ef66 mysqldb1
172.17.0.5      b344f7345d44
/srv # 
/srv # ping mysqldb1
PING mysqldb1 (172.17.0.4): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.17.0.4: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.451 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.4: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.199 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.4: seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.199 ms
/srv # 
/srv # ping mysqldb
PING mysqldb (172.17.0.4): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.17.0.4: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.225 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.4: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.323 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.0.4: seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.268 ms


环境变量也发生了变化
[root@bogon ~]# docker exec -it php1 env 
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
HOSTNAME=b344f7345d44
TERM=xterm
MYSQLDB_PORT=tcp://172.17.0.4:3306
MYSQLDB_PORT_3306_TCP=tcp://172.17.0.4:3306
MYSQLDB_PORT_3306_TCP_ADDR=172.17.0.4
MYSQLDB_PORT_3306_TCP_PORT=3306
MYSQLDB_PORT_3306_TCP_PROTO=tcp
MYSQLDB_NAME=/php1/mysqldb
MYSQLDB_ENV_MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=password
MYSQLDB_ENV_GOSU_VERSION=1.7
MYSQLDB_ENV_MYSQL_MAJOR=5.6
MYSQLDB_ENV_MYSQL_VERSION=5.6.38-1debian8
HOME=/root

16. 导出和导入镜像

有时候不希望镜像发布到互联网，而且内网主机无法从仓库拉取镜像，那么可以使用下面的命令把镜像进行导出，然后再导入导出镜像到本地文件系统

[root@host01 ~]# docker save haoxy/oracle > oracle19c.tar
[root@host01 ~]# ls -lh
total 6.3G
-rw-------. 1 root root 1.3K Nov 13 09:12 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root   64 Nov 13 12:51 oracle
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6.3G Nov 19 14:52 oracle19c.tar

或者

[root@host01 ~]# docker save -o oracle19c.tar haoxy/oracle

从本地文件系统导入镜像

docker load -i oracle19c.tar
或者
docker load < oracle19c.tar

17.卷的使用（相当于U盘）

# 运行一个容器  宿主机的/vol目录挂载到容器的/vol下（宿主机和容器的/vol不需要存在）
[root@bogon ~]# docker run -itd -v vol:/vol --name test_ubuntu ubuntu sh 
accf11ec48c6ca2ec6fa4663a998cc5b59ab7ede2d08386a1895d7b269d2566b


# 或者 不加挂载点默认容器中的挂载目录就是/vol


docker run -itd -v /vol --name test_ubuntu ubuntu sh


# 或者 指定 容器的挂载目录


docker run -itd -v /vol:/data --name test_ubuntu ubuntu sh


# 进入容器内部
[root@bogon ~]# docker exec -it test_ubuntu sh 
# df 
Filesystem              1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
overlay                  17811456 4301616  13509840  25% /
tmpfs                       65536       0     65536   0% /dev
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root  17811456 4301616  13509840  25% /vol
shm                         65536       0     65536   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /proc/scsi
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /sys/firmware
# exit


# 在宿主机的容器内创建文件
[root@bogon ~]# 
[root@bogon ~]# df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  4.2G   13G  25% /
devtmpfs                 478M     0  478M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    489M     0  489M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    489M   13M  476M   3% /run
tmpfs                    489M     0  489M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1               1014M  125M  890M  13% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
overlay                   17G  4.2G   13G  25% /var/lib/docker/overlay2/6b2c6c0b2299aa68c36ce21d173b92ae5ddf427929e2271adbd7c8691a86411b/merged
shm                       64M     0   64M   0% /var/lib/docker/containers/accf11ec48c6ca2ec6fa4663a998cc5b59ab7ede2d08386a1895d7b269d2566b/shm
[root@bogon ~]# cd /vol/
[root@bogon vol]# ll
total 0
[root@bogon vol]# touch test_vol.txt
[root@bogon vol]# echo "Hello World!!" >> test_vol.txt 
echo "Hello Worldtouch test_vol.txt" >> test_vol.txt 
[root@bogon vol]# cat test_vol.txt 
Hello Worldtouch test_vol.txt
# 进入容器可见
[root@bogon vol]# docker exec -it test_ubuntu sh 
# df 
Filesystem              1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
overlay                  17811456 4301460  13509996  25% /
tmpfs                       65536       0     65536   0% /dev
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root  17811456 4301460  13509996  25% /vol
shm                         65536       0     65536   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /proc/scsi
tmpfs                      499848       0    499848   0% /sys/firmware
# cd /vol
# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30 Jan  4 12:37 test_vol.txt
# cat test*         
Hello Worldtouch test_vol.txt
# 
# 创建个文件夹
# mkdir vol
# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30 Jan  4 12:37 test_vol.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 Jan  4 12:37 vol
# exit
# 容器内在挂载点上创建的文件夹在宿主机上也能看到
[root@bogon vol]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30 Jan  4 20:37 test_vol.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 Jan  4 20:37 vol
[root@bogon vol]#


# 删除容器，数据不会丢失


[root@bogon vol]# docker kill test_ubuntu
test_ubuntu
[root@bogon vol]# 
[root@bogon vol]# docker ps -a 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                       PORTS               NAMES
accf11ec48c6        ubuntu              "sh"                20 minutes ago      Exited (137) 6 seconds ago                       test_ubuntu
[root@bogon vol]# docker rm test_ubuntu
test_ubuntu
[root@bogon vol]# docker ps -a 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@bogon vol]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 30 Jan  4 20:37 test_vol.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  6 Jan  4 20:37 vol

最后修改时间：2019-12-17 13:15:11

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