【以太坊实战】windows下基于geth的以太坊DApp私链开发环境搭建

知否Tech 2020-09-25

1363

一、安装DApp开发环境

1.1 安装Node.js

https://nodejs.org/en/download/

我们使用官方长期支持的 Latest LTS Version: 12.18.4 (includes npm 6.14.6)版本，点击这个链接下载32位安装包，32位安装包即可用于32位系统，也可用于64位系统。如果你确认你的系统是64位，也可以下载64位包装包。下载后直接安装即可。安装完毕，打开一个控制台窗口，可以使用node了：

C:\Users\Administrator>node -v

v12.18.4

1.2 安装Geth

https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/

https://gethstore.blob.core.windows.net/builds/geth-windows-amd64-1.9.21-0287d548.exe

下载64位或32位Geth安装程序，然后进行安装。安装完毕后打开一个控制台，执行命令验证安装成功：

C:\Users\Administrator>geth version

Geth

Version: 1.9.21-stable

Git Commit: 0287d54847d3297f3ced62cd83a4c95ccbe0045b

Git Commit Date: 20200909

Architecture: amd64

Protocol Versions: [65 64 63]

Go Version: go1.15

Operating System: windows

GOPATH=

GOROOT=go

C:\Users\Administrator>

1.3 安装solidity编译器

C:\Users\Administrator>npm install -g solc

安装完毕后，执行命令验证安装成功

C:\Users\Administrator>solcjs --version

0.7.1+commit.f4a555be.Emscripten.clang

1.4安装web3

web3.js是一组用来和本地或远程以太坊节点进行交互的js库，它可以使用HTTP或IPC建立与以太坊节点旳连接。

Web3的安装过程使用了git，因此需要先安装windows版的git命令行。下载64位或32位的git安装程序，本地安装后在继续安装web3。

C:\Users\Administrator>npm install -g web3

npm WARN deprecated request@2.88.2: request has been deprecated, see https://github.com/request/request/issues/3142

npm WARN deprecated har-validator@5.1.5: this

npm WARN deprecated multicodec@0.5.7: stable api reached

> keccak@3.0.1 install C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\web3\node_modules\keccak

> node-gyp-build || exit 0

> bufferutil@4.0.1 install C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\web3\node_modules\bufferutil

> node-gyp-build

> secp256k1@4.0.2 install C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\web3\node_modules\secp256k1

> node-gyp-build || exit 0

> utf-8-validate@5.0.2 install C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\web3\node_modules\utf-8-validate

> node-gyp-build

> web3@1.3.0 postinstall C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\web3

> node angular-patch.js

+ web3@1.3.0

added 322 packages from 318 contributors in 85.036s

安装验证：

C:\Users\guow> node –p 'require("web3")'

{[Function: Web3]

providers:{…}}

1.5安装truffle框架

Truffle是什么?

Truffle是针对基于以太坊的Solidity语言的一套开发框架。本身基于Javascript。

执行以下命令安装truffle开发框架：

C:\Users\Administrator>npm install -g truffle

验证安装：

C:\Users\Administrator>truffle.cmd version

Truffle v5.1.45 (core: 5.1.45)

Solidity v0.5.16 (solc-js)

Node v12.18.4

Web3.js v1.2.1

1.6安装webpack

本质上，webpack 是一个现代 JavaScript 应用程序的静态模块打包器(module bundler)。当 webpack 处理应用程序时，它会递归地构建一个依赖关系图(dependency graph)，其中包含应用程序需要的每个模块，然后将所有这些模块打包成一个或多个 bundle。

执行以下命令安装webpack：

C:\Users\Administrator>npm install -g webpack

验证安装

C:\Users\Administrator>webpack -v

4.44.2

三、运行私链节点

2.1创世块配置

创建一个节点目录node1，并在其中创建私链的创世块配置文件：

C:\Users\guow> mkdir node1

C:\Users\guow> cd node1

C:\Users\guow\node1> notepad private.json

然后编辑内容如下：

{

"config": {

"chainId": 7878

"difficulty" : "0x2000",

"gasLimit" : "0xffffffff",

"nonce" : "0x0000000000000042",

"mixhash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",

"parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",

"timestamp" : "0x00",

"alloc": {

"0x5fc5cEce9458b3977Df2217507b45745Ce7Ec5B0": {

"balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"

}

config.chainId用来声明以太坊网络编号，选择一个大于10的数字即可。
difficulty用来声明挖矿难度，越小的值难度越低，也就能更快速地出块。

2.2初始化私链节点

执行geth的init命令初始化私链节点：

C:\Users\Administrator\node1>geth --datadir .\data init private.json

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.025] Maximum peer count ETH=50 LES=0 total=50

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.287] Set global gas cap cap=25000000

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.292] Allocated cache and file handles database=C:\Users\Administrator\node1\data\geth\chaindata cache=16.00MiB handles=16

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.498] Writing custom genesis block

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.509] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=1 size=171.00B time=0s gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.542] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash="64cc5d…a0d013"

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.553] Allocated cache and file handles database=C:\Users\Administrator\node1\data\geth\lightchaindata cache=16.00MiB handles=16

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.706] Writing custom genesis block

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.709] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=1 size=171.00B time=0s gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B

INFO [09-24|22:37:48.724] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash="64cc5d…a0d013"

这会在当前目录下创建data目录，用来保存区块数据及账户信息：

C:\Users\Administrator\node1>dir

驱动器 C 中的卷没有标签。

卷的序列号是 2C83-78AB

C:\Users\Administrator\node1 的目录

2020/09/24 22:32 <DIR> .

2020/09/24 22:32 <DIR> ..

2020/09/24 22:37 <DIR> data

2020/09/24 22:36 521 private.json

1 个文件 521 字节

3 个目录 10,227,728,384 可用字节

C:\Users\Administrator\node1>

可以上述命令写到一个脚本init.cmd里，这样避免每次都输入那么多记不住的东西。文件内容如下：

geth --datadir .\data init private.json

在部署下一个节点时，就可以直接执行这个脚本进行初始化了。例如，在另一台机器上：

C:\Users\guow\node1> init.cmd

2.3启动私链节点

从指定的私链数据目录启动并设定一个不同的网络编号来启动节点：

C:\Users\Administrator\node1>geth --rpc --datadir .\data --networkid 7878 console

#增加--nodiscover 关闭p2p网络的自动发现，解决问题：INFO [09-24|17:44:47.158] Looking for peers peercount=0 tried=81 static=0

#待验证，win 加上--rpc参数后增加--nodiscover 参数无效

C:\Users\Administrator\node1>geth --rpc --datadir .\data --nodiscover --networkid 7878 console

同样，你可以用一个脚本console.cmd来简化启动节点时的输入,文件内容如下：

geth --rpc \

--rpcaddr 0.0.0.0 \

--rpccorsdomain "*" \

--datadir ./data \

--networkid 7878 \

console

rpcaddr参数用来声明节点RPC API的监听地址，设为0.0.0.0就可以从其他机器访问API了；
rpccorsdomain参数是为了解决web3从浏览器中跨域调用的安全限制问题。以后启动节点，只要直接执行这个脚本即可：

C:\Users\guow\node1> console.cmd

2.4 账户管理

2.4.1 查看账户列表

在geth控制台，使用eth对象的accounts属性查看目前的账户列表：

> eth.accounts

[]

因为我们还没有创建账户，所以这个列表还是空的。

2.4.2创建新账户

在geth控制台，使用personal对象的newAccount()方法创建一个新账户，参数为你自己选择的密码：

> personal.newAccount('78787878')

INFO [09-24|22:48:28.324] Your new key was generated address=0xF9E7eCf50f36117a905B27489199220F30900515

WARN [09-24|22:48:28.329] Please backup your key file! path=C:\Users\Administrator\node1\data\keystore\UTC--2020-09-24T14-48-25.811601100Z--f9e7ecf50f36117a905b27489199220f30900515

WARN [09-24|22:48:28.338] Please remember your password!

"0xf9e7ecf50f36117a905b27489199220f30900515"

输出就是新创建的账户地址（公钥），你的输出不会和上面的示例相同。geth会保存到数据目录下的keystore文件中。密码要自己记住，以后还需要用到。

2.4.3查询账户余额

在geth控制台，使用personal对象的getBalance()方法获取指定账户的余额，参数为账户地址：

> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])

或者直接输入账户地址：

> eth.getBalance('0xf9e7ecf50f36117a905b27489199220f30900515')

新创建的账户，余额果然为0。

2.4.4挖矿

没钱的账户什么也干不了，需要挖矿来挣点钱。在geth控制台执行miner对象的start()方法来启动挖矿：

> miner.start(1)

等几分钟以后，检查账户余额：

> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])

15000000000000000000

钱不少了，15ETH了。执行miner对象的stop()方法停止挖矿：

> miner.stop()

2.4.5解锁账户

在部署合约时需要一个解锁的账户。在geth控制台使用personal对象的unlockAccount()方法来解锁指定的账户，参数为账户地址和账户密码（在创建账户时指定的那个密码）：

> eth.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],'78787878')

> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],'78787878')

true

三、构建示例项目

3.1 新建DApp项目

C:\Users\guow> mkdir demo

C:\Users\guow> cd demo

然后用webpack模版初始化项目骨架结构：

C:\Users\Administrator\demo>truffle.cmd unbox webpack

Starting unbox...

=================

√ Preparing to download box

× Downloading

Unbox failed!

× Downloading

Unbox failed!

RequestError: Error: connect ETIMEDOUT 151.101.108.133:443

at new RequestError (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\request-promise-core\lib\errors.js:14:1)

at Request.plumbing.callback (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\request-promise-core\lib\plumbing.js:87:1)

at Request.RP$callback [as _callback] (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\request-promise-core\lib\plumbing.js:46:1)

at self.callback (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\request\request.js:185:1)

at Request.emit (events.js:315:20)

at Request.onRequestError (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\request\request.js:881:1)

at ClientRequest.emit (events.js:315:20)

at TLSSocket.socketErrorListener (_http_client.js:426:9)

at TLSSocket.emit (events.js:315:20)

at emitErrorNT (internal/streams/destroy.js:92:8)

at emitErrorAndCloseNT (internal/streams/destroy.js:60:3)

at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:84:21)

Truffle v5.1.45 (core: 5.1.45)

Node v12.18.4

解决方案：hosts方案，将以下连接的hosts文件追加至本机hosts文件之后，报错，再次执行成功，喵啊~

https://github.com/googlehosts/hosts/blob/master/hosts-files/hosts

C:\Users\guow\demo> truffle.cmd unbox webpack

Downloading…

Unpacking…

Setting up…

Unbox successful. Sweet!

3.2 安装项目依赖的NPM包

执行以下命令安装nmp包：

C:\Users\guow\demo$ npm install

#报错

C:\Users\Administrator\demo>npm install

npm WARN saveError ENOENT: no such file or directory, open 'C:\Users\Administrator\package.json'

npm WARN enoent ENOENT: no such file or directory, open 'C:\Users\Administrator\package.json'

npm WARN Administrator No description

npm WARN Administrator No repository field.

npm WARN Administrator No README data

npm WARN Administrator No license field.

npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: fsevents@2.1.3 (node_modules\fsevents):

npm WARN notsup SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: Unsupported platform for fsevents@2.1.3: wanted {"os":"darwin","arch":"any"} (current: {"os":"win32","arch":"x64"})

npm WARN optional SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: fsevents@1.2.13 (node_modules\watchpack-chokidar2\node_modules\fsevents):

npm WARN notsup SKIPPING OPTIONAL DEPENDENCY: Unsupported platform for fsevents@1.2.13: wanted {"os":"darwin","arch":"any"} (current: {"os":"win32","arch":"x64"})

up to date in 5.784s

#解决方案

C:\Users\Administrator>npm init -y

3.3 修改truffle配置

如果你使用图形版的ganache，不需要修改truffle.js配置文件。否则，需要在truffle.js中，修改port为8545，因为ganache-cli在8545端口监听：

module.exports = {

networks:{

development: {

port: 8545

}

3.4 启动节点

执行以下命令启动节点仿真器，以便部署合约并执行交易：

C:\Users\guow\node1> console.cmd

注意：为了在节点上部署合约，别忘了启动geth后先解锁账户：

> personal.unlockAcount(eth.accounts[0],'78787878')

true

3.5 编译合约

执行以下命令编译项目合约：

C:\Users\guow\demo> truffle.cmd compile

3.6 部署合约

执行以下命令来部署合约：

C:\Users\guow\demo> truffle.cmd migrate

#错误

C:\Users\Administrator\demo1>truffle.cmd migrate

Compiling your contracts...

===========================

> Compiling .\contracts\ConvertLib.sol

> Artifacts written to C:\Users\Administrator\demo1\build\contracts

> Compiled successfully using:

- solc: 0.5.16+commit.9c3226ce.Emscripten.clang

> Something went wrong while attempting to connect to the network. Check your network configuration.

ProviderError:

Could not connect to your Ethereum client with the following parameters:

- host > 127.0.0.1

- port > 7545

- network_id > 5777

Please check that your Ethereum client:

- is running

- is accepting RPC connections (i.e., "--rpc" option is used in geth)

- is accessible over the network

- is properly configured in your Truffle configuration file (truffle-config.js)

at C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\provider\wrapper.js:75:1

at C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\provider\wrapper.js:107:1

at XMLHttpRequest.request.onreadystatechange (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\web3-providers-http\src\index.js:96:1)

at XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.dispatchEvent (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\xhr2-cookies\dist\xml-http-request-event-target.js:34:1)

at XMLHttpRequest._setReadyState (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\xhr2-cookies\dist\xml-http-request.js:208:1)

at XMLHttpRequest._onHttpRequestError (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\xhr2-cookies\dist\xml-http-request.js:349:1)

at ClientRequest.<anonymous> (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\node_modules\xhr2-cookies\dist\xml-http-request.js:252:47)

at ClientRequest.emit (events.js:315:20)

at Socket.socketErrorListener (_http_client.js:426:9)

at Socket.emit (events.js:315:20)

at emitErrorNT (internal/streams/destroy.js:92:8)

at emitErrorAndCloseNT (internal/streams/destroy.js:60:3)

at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:84:21)

Truffle v5.1.45 (core: 5.1.45)

Node v12.18.4

#解决方案，修改C:\Users\Administrator\demo1\truffle-config.js

networks: {

// Useful for testing. The `development` name is special - truffle uses it by default

// if it's defined here and no other network is specified at the command line.

// You should run a client (like ganache-cli, geth or parity) in a separate terminal

// tab if you use this network and you must also set the `host`, `port` and `network_id`

// options below to some value.

development: {

host: "127.0.0.1", // Localhost (default: none)

port: 8545, // Standard Ethereum port (default: none)

network_id: "*", // Any network (default: none)

如果你之前忘了在geth控制台解锁账户，会看到如下错误，参考前面说明进行解锁即可：

Error: authentication needed: password or unlock

C:\Users\Administrator\demo1>truffle.cmd migrate

Compiling your contracts...

===========================

> Compiling .\contracts\ConvertLib.sol

> Artifacts written to C:\Users\Administrator\demo1\build\contracts

> Compiled successfully using:

- solc: 0.5.16+commit.9c3226ce.Emscripten.clang

Starting migrations...

======================

> Network name: 'development'

> Network id: 7878

> Block gas limit: 4282396671 (0xff402fff)

1_initial_migration.js

======================

Deploying 'Migrations'

----------------------

Error: *** Deployment Failed ***

"Migrations" -- Returned error: authentication needed: password or unlock.

at C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\deployer\src\deployment.js:364:1

at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:97:5)

at Migration._deploy (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\migrate\Migration.js:68:1)

at Migration._load (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\migrate\Migration.js:55:1)

at Migration.run (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\migrate\Migration.js:171:1)

at Object.runMigrations (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\migrate\index.js:150:1)

at Object.runFrom (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\migrate\index.js:110:1)

at Object.run (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\migrate\index.js:87:1)

at runMigrations (C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\core\lib\commands\migrate.js:269:1)

at C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\truffle\build\webpack:\packages\core\lib\commands\migrate.js:231:1

Truffle v5.1.45 (core: 5.1.45)

Node v12.18.4

C:\Users\Administrator\demo1>

geth --unlock 0xf9e7ecf50f36117a905b27489199220f30900515 --password 78787878

personal.unlockAccount('0xf9e7ecf50f36117a905b27489199220f30900515', '78787878')

错误原因：异常原因：新版本geth，出于安全考虑，默认禁止了HTTP通道解锁账户

解决方式：启动节点命令添加

--allow-insecure-unlock

geth --rpc --datadir .\data --allow-insecure-unlock --networkid 7878 console

> personal.unlockAccount('0xf9e7ecf50f36117a905b27489199220f30900515', '78787878')

true

#再次部署，仍然报错

C:\Users\Administrator\demo1>truffle.cmd migrate

Compiling your contracts...

===========================

> Compiling .\contracts\ConvertLib.sol

> Artifacts written to C:\Users\Administrator\demo1\build\contracts

> Compiled successfully using:

- solc: 0.5.16+commit.9c3226ce.Emscripten.clang

Starting migrations...

======================

> Network name: 'development'

> Network id: 7878

> Block gas limit: 4282396671 (0xff402fff)

1_initial_migration.js

======================

Deploying 'Migrations'

----------------------

Error: *** Deployment Failed ***

"Migrations" -- Returned error: invalid transaction v, r, s values.