Docker技术入门基础与安装

技术那点事 2020-11-11

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Docker是一个开源的应用容器引擎，基于 Go 语言 并遵从 Apache2.0 协议开源。
Docker可以让开发者打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个轻量级、可移植的容器中，然后发布到任何流行的 Linux 机器上，也可以实现虚拟化。
容器是完全使用沙箱机制，相互之间不会有任何接口（类似iPhone 的 app）,更重要的是容器性能开销极低。

Docker容器引擎安装部署配置：
[root@localhost ~]# curl -o etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo


[root@localhost ~]# yum install epel-release -y  #配置epel源

[root@localhost ~]# yum list docker --show-duplicates  #查看epel是否有docker相关的包
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Available Packages
docker.x86_64                                   2:1.13.1-102.git7f2769b.el7.centos                                   extras
docker.x86_64                                   2:1.13.1-103.git7f2769b.el7.centos                                   extras
docker.x86_64                                   2:1.13.1-108.git4ef4b30.el7.centos                                   extras
docker.x86_64                                   2:1.13.1-109.gitcccb291.el7.centos                                   extras
docker.x86_64                                   2:1.13.1-161.git64e9980.el7_8                                        extras
docker.x86_64                                   2:1.13.1-162.git64e9980.el7.centos

[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y yum-utils
[root@localhost ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost ~]# yum list docker-ce --show-duplicates   #查看发行版
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Available Packages
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.03.1.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.03.2.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.03.3.ce-1.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.06.0.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.06.1.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.06.2.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.09.0.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.09.1.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  17.12.1.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  18.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  18.03.1.ce-1.el7.centos                                  docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  18.06.0.ce-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  18.06.1.ce-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  18.06.2.ce-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  18.06.3.ce-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.0-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.1-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.2-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.3-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.4-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.5-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.6-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.7-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.8-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:18.09.9-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.0-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.1-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.2-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.3-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.4-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.5-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.6-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.7-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.8-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.9-3.el7                                          docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.10-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.11-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.12-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64                                  3:19.03.13-3.el7                                         docker-ce-stable

[root@localhost ~]# yum install docker #安装docker

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable docker  #设置开机自启动
Created symlink from etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service to usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start docker  #启动docker

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status docker  #查看状态
● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-11-10 15:05:00 CST; 12min ago
     Docs: http://docs.docker.com
Main PID: 58922 (dockerd-current)
   CGroup: system.slice/docker.service
           ├─58922 usr/bin/dockerd-current --add-runtime docker-runc=/usr/libexec/docker/docker-runc-current --default-...
           └─58928 usr/bin/docker-containerd-current -l unix:///var/run/docker/libcontainerd/docker-containerd.sock --m...




Nov 10 15:04:59 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:04:59.009387464+08:00" level=info ...928"
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.165239958+08:00" level=info ...nds"
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.167532463+08:00" level=info ...rt."
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.224075983+08:00" level=info ...lse"
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.332164074+08:00" level=info ...ess"
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.482551917+08:00" level=info ...ne."
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.578021581+08:00" level=info ...ion"
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.578053862+08:00" level=info ...13.1
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain dockerd-current[58922]: time="2020-11-10T15:05:00.592706186+08:00" level=info ...ock"
Nov 10 15:05:00 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Docker Application Container Engine.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

[root@localhost run]# docker version  #查看docker版本
Client:
Version:         1.13.1
API version:     1.26
Package version: docker-1.13.1-162.git64e9980.el7.centos.x86_64
Go version:      go1.10.3
Git commit:      64e9980/1.13.1
Built:           Wed Jul  1 14:56:42 2020
OS/Arch:         linux/amd64




Server:
Version:         1.13.1
API version:     1.26 (minimum version 1.12)
Package version: docker-1.13.1-162.git64e9980.el7.centos.x86_64
Go version:      go1.10.3
Git commit:      64e9980/1.13.1
Built:           Wed Jul  1 14:56:42 2020
OS/Arch:         linux/amd64
Experimental:    false

9.启动第一个Docker容器并详解启动原理：


[root@localhost run]# docker run hello-world  #启动一个hello-world 容器
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally    #我不能在本地找到一个名为hello-world的镜像
Trying to pull repository docker.io/library/hello-world ...
latest: Pulling from docker.io/library/hello-world
0e03bdcc26d7: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:8c5aeeb6a5f3ba4883347d3747a7249f491766ca1caa47e5da5dfcf6b9b717c0
Status: Downloaded newer image for docker.io/hello-world:latest


Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
（）


To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.


2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)


3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
(3.服务端创建了一个容器，这个容器帮你执行了一段可执行的程序)


4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.




To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
$ docker run -it ubuntu bash




Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
https://hub.docker.com/


For more examples and ideas, visit:
https://docs.docker.com/get-started/