nid
在 oracle 9i 之前，修改数据库实例比较麻烦，需要重建 oracle 的控制文件以及需要 reset redolog 。从oracle 9i R2 版本开始，oracle 提供了 nid 系统命令，可以通过它来更改db_name和dbid，这样就避免重建控制文件了。使得修改oracle的数据库名和实例名更加简单。
nid 工具可以只用来更改数据库名（db_name），或者只更改数据库的id（dbid），或者两个同时更改。
当涉及到更改db_name的时候，由于数据库名还存在与参数文件中，因此，更改数据库名时也要更改相应的参数。如果你使用了spfile，那么要重建它。另外，还需要重建密码文件。
有关nid工具的详细使用情况，在metalink 文章 Note:224266.1有详细的记载。
查看nid帮助信息以及nid使用方法
SQL> host nid –help
DBNEWID: Release 11.1.0.7.0 - Production on 星期一 9月 27 11:09:09 2010
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
关键字 说明 (默认值)
----------------------------------------------------
TARGET 用户名/口令 (无)
DBNAME 新的数据库名 (无)
LOGFILE 输出日志 (无)
REVERT 还原失败的更改 否
SETNAME 仅设置新的数据库名 否
APPEND 附加至输出日志 否
HELP 显示这些消息 否
SQL>
任务
将数据库名和实例名为 TCMES 的修改为 TCHISDB
具体操作
备份相关文件
step 1.备份参数文件
create pfile='/home/oracle/tcmes.ora' from spfile;
step 2.备份控制文件
alter database backup controlfile to trace as '/home/oracle/tcmes.ctl';
修改 dbname
step 1.启动数据库到mount状态
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
Total System Global Area 1603411968 bytes
Fixed Size 2160112 bytes
Variable Size 385878544 bytes
Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes
Redo Buffers 7413760 bytes
数据库装载完毕。
SQL>
step 2.创建pfile文件
SQL> create pfile='/home/oracle/tchisdb.ora' from spfile;
文件已创建。
SQL>
step 3.修改数据库名
SQL> host nid target=sys/oracle dbname=tchisdb
DBNEWID: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Oct 9 15:43:27 2024
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to database TCMES (DBID=2322370688)
NID-00121: Database should not be open
Change of database name failed during validation - database is intact.
DBNEWID - Completed with validation errors.
SQL> shut immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> host nid target=sys/oracle dbname=tchisdb
DBNEWID: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Oct 9 15:44:06 2024
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
NID-00106: LOGIN to target database failed with Oracle error:
ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist
Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
Process ID: 0
Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0
Change of database name failed during validation - database is intact.
DBNEWID - Completed with validation errors.
经过以上测试，使用 nid 数据库需要在 mount 状态。
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 5.1310E+10 bytes
Fixed Size 2265224 bytes
Variable Size 3.9728E+10 bytes
Database Buffers 1.1543E+10 bytes
Redo Buffers 36069376 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> host nid target=sys/oracle dbname=tchisdb
DBNEWID: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Oct 9 15:44:36 2024
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to database TCMES (DBID=2322370688)
Connected to server version 11.2.0
Control Files in database:
/data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes01.dbf
/data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes02.dbf
/data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes03.dbf
Change database ID and database name TCMES to TCHISDB? (Y/[N]) => y
Proceeding with operation
Changing database ID from 2322370688 to 2107492
Changing database name from TCMES to TCHISDB
Control File /data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes01.dbf - modified
Control File /data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes02.dbf - modified
Control File /data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes03.dbf - modified
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-system_fno-1.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux_fno-2.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-undotbs1_fno-3.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-users_fno-4.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux2.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_es_dba_fno-6.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-7.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-8.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-9.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-10.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-11.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-12.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-13.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-14.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-15.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-16.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-17.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-18.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-19.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-20.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-21.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-22.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-23.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-24.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-25.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-26.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-27.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-28.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-29.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-30.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-31.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-32.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-33.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_idx_fno-34.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-35.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-36.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-37.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-38.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-39.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-40.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-41.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-42.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-43.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-44.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-45.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-46.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-47.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-48.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-49.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-50.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-51.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-52.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-53.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-54.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-55.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-56.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-57.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-58.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-59.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-60.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-61.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-62.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-63.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-64.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-65.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-66.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-67.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-68.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-69.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-70.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-71.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-72.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-73.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-74.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-75.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-76.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-77.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-78.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-79.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-80.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-81.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-82.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-83.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-84.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-85.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-86.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-87.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-88.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-89.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-90.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-91.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-92.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-93.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-94.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-95.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-96.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-97.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-98.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-99.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-100.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-101.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-102.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-103.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-104.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-105.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-106.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-107.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-108.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-httbs_mesprd_fno-109.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux3.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux4.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux5.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux6.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux7.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux8.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux9.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux10.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-system_fno-2.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux11.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/data_d-racdb_ts-sysaux12.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/temp1.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/temp2.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/temp3.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Datafile /data/tcmes/temp4.db - dbid changed, wrote new name
Control File /data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes01.dbf - dbid changed, wrote new name
Control File /data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes02.dbf - dbid changed, wrote new name
Control File /data/tcmes/cntrl_tcmes03.dbf - dbid changed, wrote new name
Instance shut down
Database name changed to TCHISDB.
Modify parameter file and generate a new password file before restarting.
Database ID for database TCHISDB changed to 2107492.
All previous backups and archived redo logs for this database are unusable.
Database is not aware of previous backups and archived logs in Recovery Area.
Database has been shutdown, open database with RESETLOGS option.
Succesfully changed database name and ID.
DBNEWID - Completed succesfully.
SQL>
根据提示，需要完成以下操作：
- 在重新启动之前，请修改参数文件并生成新的密码文件。
- 数据库已关闭，请使用RESETLOGS选项打开数据库。
如果遇到以下问题：
SQL> host nid target=sys/oracle dbname=tchisdb
NID-00600: 内部错误 - [28] [1013] [0] [0]
在验证时更改数据库名和 ID 失败 - 数据库保持原样。
DBNEWID - 已完成, 但出现验证错误。
原因如下：
因为这个nid命令僵死，当使用nid更改数据库名和实例名的时候，nid僵死的几率很高，出现这个问题的时候，当发现控制文件已经更改了，数据文件、重做日志文件已经更改了之后，就可以强制终止nid操作了，于是就出现了上面的“NID-00600: 内部错误 - [28] [1013] [0] [0]”错误信息。
step 4.修改pfile文件
tchisdb.__db_cache_size=1207959552
tchisdb.__java_pool_size=16777216
tchisdb.__large_pool_size=16777216
tchisdb.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle' # ORACLE_BASE set from environment
tchisdb.__pga_aggregate_target=6744440832
tchisdb.__sga_target=1610612736
tchisdb.__shared_io_pool_size=0
tchisdb.__shared_pool_size=352321536
tchisdb.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/mmsgdb/adump'
*.audit_trail='NONE'
*.compatible='11.1.0.0.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tcmes/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tcmes/control02.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tcmes/control03.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_name='tchisdb'
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.nls_language='SIMPLIFIED CHINESE'
*.nls_territory='CHINA'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=6728712192
*.processes=150
*.recyclebin='OFF'
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=1610612736
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.instance_name='tchisdb'
*.service_names='tchisdb'
step 5.修改环境变量
将这个文件中的 ORACLE_SID=tchsidb , 读取这个环境变量文件。
step 6.以pfile文件启动数据库
SQL> startup pfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/tchsidb.ora'
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
Total System Global Area 1603411968 bytes
Fixed Size 2160112 bytes
Variable Size 385878544 bytes
Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes
Redo Buffers 7413760 bytes
数据库装载完毕。
ORA-01589: 要打开数据库则必须使用 RESETLOGS 或 NORESETLOGS 选项 #这里提示报错了，先不管
SQL> create spfile from pfile = '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/tchsidb.ora';
文件已创建。
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01109: 数据库未打开
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
Total System Global Area 1603411968 bytes
Fixed Size 2160112 bytes
Variable Size 385878544 bytes
Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes
Redo Buffers 7413760 bytes
数据库装载完毕。
SQL> alter database open RESETLOGS;
数据库已更改。
SQL> select open_mode from v$database;
OPEN_MODE
----------
READ WRITE
SQL> show parameter name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_file_name_convert string
db_name string tchisdb
db_unique_name string tchisdb
global_names boolean FALSE
instance_name string tchisdb
lock_name_space string
log_file_name_convert string
service_names string tchisdb
SQL>
step 7.创建口令文件
orapwd file=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/orapwtchisdb password=sys entries=20
step 8.修改tnsnames.ora文件信息
step 9.启动监听服务
step 10.备份数据库
回退操作
回退操作是防止使用ni修改dbname 等相关参数，出现ora-600 等错误时的预防机制。
step 1.环境spfile 文件
create spfile from pfile='/home/oracle/tcmes.ora' ;
step 2.重建控制文件
使用 /home/oracle/tcmes.ctl 文件中的内容，重建控制文件。
step 3.重启数据库
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