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Framebuffer简介
在Linux设备中,LCD显示采用了帧缓冲(framebuffer)技术,所以LCD驱动也叫Framebuffer驱动,所以LCD驱动框架就是围绕帧缓冲展开工作。帧缓冲(framebuffer)是Linux系统为显示设备提供的一个接口,它将显示缓冲区抽象出来,屏蔽图像硬件的底层差异,允许上层应用程序在图形模式下直接对显示缓冲区进行读写操作。对于帧缓冲设备而言,只要在显示缓冲区中与显示点对应的区域写入颜色值,对应的颜色会自动在屏幕上显示。帧缓冲为标准字符设备, 主设备号为29,对应于/dev/fbn。
Framebuffer框架结构

核心层代码fbmem.c向上提供了完整的字符设备操作接口,也就是实现注册字符设备,提供通用的open,read,write,ioctl,mmap等接口;向下给硬件设备驱动层提供标准的驱动编程接口。
在linux系统中,一个硬件控制器(显卡)抽象为一个fb_info结构体,要实现一个LCD驱动就是要实现这个结构,并且使用核心层提供的注册函数注册。
重要结构体
内核版本:4.20.12
fb_info
// include/linux/fb.hstruct fb_info {atomic_t count;int node;int flags;int fbcon_rotate_hint;struct mutex lock; /* open/release/ioctl中使用*/struct mutex mm_lock; /*fb_mmap和smem_*数据域中使用 */struct fb_var_screeninfo var; /* LCD屏可变参数 */struct fb_fix_screeninfo fix; /* LCD屏固定参数 */struct fb_monspecs monspecs; /* Current Monitor specs */struct work_struct queue; /* Framebuffer event queue */struct fb_pixmap pixmap; /* Image hardware mapper */struct fb_pixmap sprite; /* Cursor hardware mapper */struct fb_cmap cmap; /* Current cmap */struct list_head modelist; /* mode list */struct fb_videomode *mode; /* current mode */#ifdef CONFIG_FB_BACKLIGHTstruct backlight_device *bl_dev; //背光设备struct mutex bl_curve_mutex;u8 bl_curve[FB_BACKLIGHT_LEVELS]; //背光水平曲线#endif#ifdef CONFIG_FB_DEFERRED_IOstruct delayed_work deferred_work;struct fb_deferred_io *fbdefio;#endifstruct fb_ops *fbops; /*真正操作硬件寄存器的方法集合*/struct device *device;struct device *dev; /* fb设备*/int class_flag; /* private sysfs flags */#ifdef CONFIG_FB_TILEBLITTINGstruct fb_tile_ops *tileops; /* Tile Blitting */#endifunion {char __iomem *screen_base; /* LCD虚拟显存地址 */char *screen_buffer;};unsigned long screen_size; /* LCD虚拟显存大小 */void *pseudo_palette; /* 指向16种颜色的调试板,其实就是一块内存*/#define FBINFO_STATE_RUNNING 0#define FBINFO_STATE_SUSPENDED 1u32 state; /* Hardware state i.e suspend */void *fbcon_par;void *par; //私有数据,用来存放自己的数据的结构地址struct apertures_struct {unsigned int count;struct aperture {resource_size_t base;resource_size_t size;} ranges[0];} *apertures;bool skip_vt_switch; /* no VT switch on suspend/resume required */};
使用标准的LCD框架编写,var, fix, fbops, screen_base这四个成员是一定要实现的。
fb_var_screeninfo
struct fb_var_screeninfo {__u32 xres; /* 可见屏幕一行有多少像素点 */__u32 yres; /*可见屏幕一屏有多少行,也就是列*/__u32 xres_virtual; /* 虚拟屏幕一行有多少像素点*/__u32 yres_virtual; /*虚拟屏幕一屏有多少行*///显存大小并不一定等于实际屏幕显示对应的区域__u32 xoffset; /* 虚拟屏到实际屏的水平偏移量 */__u32 yoffset; /* 虚拟屏到实际屏的垂直偏移量*/__u32 bits_per_pixel; /* 每个像素的位数即BPP,比如:RGB565则填入16*/__u32 grayscale; /* 0 = 彩色, 1 = 灰度屏*//* >1 = FOURCC */struct fb_bitfield red; /* 红色的长度和偏移信息 */struct fb_bitfield green; /* 绿色的长度和偏移信息 */struct fb_bitfield blue; /* 蓝色的长度和偏移信息 */struct fb_bitfield transp; /* 透明色的长度和偏移信息*/__u32 nonstd; /* 不等于0则为非标准像素格式 *///定义修改参数生效时刻,一般马上生效,对应值是0,宏名是 FB_ACTIVATE_NOW__u32 activate; /* see FB_ACTIVATE_* *///存放物理屏的物理尺寸,是外观尺寸,单位是mm,可选择填充的项 非重点__u32 height; /* height of picture in mm */__u32 width; /* width of picture in mm */__u32 accel_flags; /* (OBSOLETE) see fb_info.flags *///下面是LCD屏的工作时序,参数从datasheet来__u32 pixclock; /* pixel clock in ps (pico seconds) */__u32 left_margin; /* time from sync to picture */__u32 right_margin; /* time from picture to sync */__u32 upper_margin; /* time from sync to picture */__u32 lower_margin;__u32 hsync_len; /* length of horizontal sync */__u32 vsync_len; /* length of vertical sync */__u32 sync; /* see FB_SYNC_* */__u32 vmode; /* see FB_VMODE_* */__u32 rotate; /* angle we rotate counter clockwise */__u32 colorspace; /* colorspace for FOURCC-based modes */__u32 reserved[4]; /* Reserved for future compatibility */};
上面结构体的参数大部分都是要从LCD屏的datasheet中获取。
fb_fix_screeninfo
struct fb_fix_screeninfo {char id[16]; /* LCD标识名 填写一个16字符以内字符串即可 */unsigned long smem_start; /* 显存的物理起始地址,不是虚拟地址*//* (physical address) */__u32 smem_len; /* 显存的内存长度 */__u32 type; /* 表示像素类型 see FB_TYPE_* */__u32 type_aux; /* Interleave for interleaved Planes */__u32 visual; /* 表示颜色类型 see FB_VISUAL_* */__u16 xpanstep; /* 如果没有硬件panning就赋值为0 */__u16 ypanstep; /* 如果没有硬件panning就赋值为0 */__u16 ywrapstep; /* 如果没有硬件panning就赋值为0 *///一行的字节数 ,例:(RGB565)240*320,那么这里就等于240*16/8__u32 line_length; /* length of a line in bytes */unsigned long mmio_start; /* Start of Memory Mapped I/O *//* (physical address) *///独立显卡相关的,基本不用__u32 mmio_len; /* Length of Memory Mapped I/O */__u32 accel; /* Indicate to driver which *//* specific chip/card we have */__u16 capabilities; /* see FB_CAP_* */__u16 reserved[2]; /* Reserved for future compatibility */};
fb_ops
struct fb_ops {/* open/release and usage marking */struct module *owner;int (*fb_open)(struct fb_info *info, int user);int (*fb_release)(struct fb_info *info, int user);/* For framebuffers with strange non linear layouts or that do not* work with normal memory mapped access*/ssize_t (*fb_read)(struct fb_info *info, char __user *buf,size_t count, loff_t *ppos);ssize_t (*fb_write)(struct fb_info *info, const char __user *buf,size_t count, loff_t *ppos);/* checks var and eventually tweaks it to something supported,* DO NOT MODIFY PAR */int (*fb_check_var)(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info);/* set the video mode according to info->var */int (*fb_set_par)(struct fb_info *info);/* set color register */int (*fb_setcolreg)(unsigned regno, unsigned red, unsigned green,unsigned blue, unsigned transp, struct fb_info *info);/* set color registers in batch */int (*fb_setcmap)(struct fb_cmap *cmap, struct fb_info *info);/* blank display */int (*fb_blank)(int blank, struct fb_info *info);/* pan display */int (*fb_pan_display)(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, struct fb_info *info);/* Draws a rectangle */void (*fb_fillrect) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_fillrect *rect);/* Copy data from area to another */void (*fb_copyarea) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_copyarea *region);/* Draws a image to the display */void (*fb_imageblit) (struct fb_info *info, const struct fb_image *image);/* Draws cursor */int (*fb_cursor) (struct fb_info *info, struct fb_cursor *cursor);/* wait for blit idle, optional */int (*fb_sync)(struct fb_info *info);/* perform fb specific ioctl (optional) */int (*fb_ioctl)(struct fb_info *info, unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg);/* Handle 32bit compat ioctl (optional) */int (*fb_compat_ioctl)(struct fb_info *info, unsigned cmd,unsigned long arg);/* perform fb specific mmap */int (*fb_mmap)(struct fb_info *info, struct vm_area_struct *vma);/* get capability given var */void (*fb_get_caps)(struct fb_info *info, struct fb_blit_caps *caps,struct fb_var_screeninfo *var);/* teardown any resources to do with this framebuffer */void (*fb_destroy)(struct fb_info *info);/* called at KDB enter and leave time to prepare the console */int (*fb_debug_enter)(struct fb_info *info);int (*fb_debug_leave)(struct fb_info *info);};
常用的重要成员:
fb_open:当你的lcd不需要做什么特殊的初始化操作,这个方法可以不实现
fb_release:当你的应用程序不使用lcd设备的时候,需要做的事情在这里实现
fb_read:当你的lcd控制器使用的内存是独立显存的时候才需要使用,直接使用核心层read
fb_write:当你的lcd控制器使用的内存是独立显存的时候才需要使用,直接使用核心层write
fb_check_var:检测应用程序传递下来的可变参数是否合法。当你不提供给应用程序通过ioctl命令动态修改LCD可变参数时不需要实现。
fb_set_par:实现的功能是把可变参数设置到硬件寄存器中去
fb_blank:实现屏幕的黑屏白屏模式(开屏,关屏)
fb_fillrect:实现功能是填充矩形
fb_copyarea:实现功能是区域复制
fb_imageblit:实现功能是绘制位图
fb_mmap:实现的功能是把内核空间的分配的显存映射到用户空间中对应的mmap系统调用,当你的控制器是独显的时候才需要
API函数
/*函数功能:注册fb_info*/int register_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)/*函数功能:注销fb_info*/int unregister_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)/*函数功能:动态分配DMA内存,同时可以得到分配内存的虚拟地址和物理地址参数说明:dev:设备指针如果没有赋值NULLsize:内存大小dma_handle:作为输出参数使用,存放分配到的内存对应的物理地址flag:内存分配方式返回值:分配到的内存的首地址*/void *dma_alloc_writecombine(struct device *dev, size_t size,dma_addr_t *dma_handle, gfp_t flag)/*功能:释放由dma_alloc_writecombine分配的dma内存参数:dev:设备指针如果没有赋值NULLsize:内存大小cpu_addr:dma_alloc_writecombine得到的虚拟地址首地址dma_handle:作为输出参数使用,存放分配到的内存对应的物理地址*/void dma_free_writecombine(struct device *dev, size_t size,void *cpu_addr, dma_addr_t dma_handle)
lcd每屏显示的数据量很大,所以lcd一般是利用DMA来搬运数据,而DMA模块只会使用物理地址,所以LCD驱动中需要记录物理地址。
总结
上面的结构体中有很多参数,对于一些普通的LCD屏,需要用到的参数并不多。主要就是从数据手册中获取屏幕参数信息,填充fb_info,然后注册。另一部分就LCDC的寄存器配置。目前很多原厂会将这两部分进行分离,这样就更方便客户进行定制。



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