ANSI hinting

原创胡佳伟 2020-03-31

767

原文作者：Jonathan lewis
原文地址：https://jonathanlewis.wordpress.com/2020/03/22/ansi-hinting/

ANSI hinting

— Jonathan Lewis @ 8:32 pm GMT Mar 22,2020

在过去，我有偶然说一些“ANSI”类型SQL会在标记或分辨查询模块上增加额外的复杂度–意思是很难准确得使用hint。这是篇文章会说明优化器如何首先将“ANSI”SQL转换为“Oracle”语法。我将会使用经典的Oracle格式写一个简单的4表的关联查询，并观察执行计划中的query block names 和 fully qualified table aliases部分；然后我将它转换为等效的ANSI标准并再次查看同上的部分。最后我将用经典的Oracle格式重写这个查询，重现在ANSI格式中得到的query block names和fully qualified table aliases部分。

我们从创建四个表及索引开始（使用我已经用了好几年进行了各种测试的脚本，但是我将展示的结果来自19c）

rem
rem     Script:         ansi_hint_3.sql
rem     Author:         Jonathan Lewis
rem     Dated:          June 2014
rem
 
create table t1
as
select 
        trunc((rownum-1)/4)     t1_n1,
        trunc((rownum-1)/4)     t1_n2,
        case mod(rownum,20) when 0 then rownum else -1 end      flagged1,
        rpad(rownum,180)        t1_v1
from all_objects 
where rownum <= 3000 --> comment to avoid wordpress format issue
;
 
create table t2
as
select 
        mod(rownum,200)         t2_n1,
        mod(rownum,200)         t2_n2,
        case mod(rownum,20) when 0 then rownum else -1 end      flagged2,
        rpad(rownum,180)        t2_v1
from all_objects 
where rownum <= 3000 --> comment to avoid wordpress format issue
;
 
create table t3
as
select 
        trunc((rownum-1)/4)     t3_n1,
        trunc((rownum-1)/4)     t3_n2,
        case mod(rownum,20) when 0 then rownum else -1 end      flagged3,
        rpad(rownum,180)        t3_v1
from all_objects 
where rownum <= 3000 --> comment to avoid wordpress format issue
;
 
create table t4
as
select 
        trunc((rownum-1)/4)     t4_n1,
        trunc((rownum-1)/4)     t4_n2,
        case mod(rownum,20) when 0 then rownum else -1 end      flagged4,
        rpad(rownum,180)        t4_v1
from all_objects 
where rownum <= 3000 --> comment to avoid wordpress format issue
;
 
create index t1_i1 on t1(t1_n1);
create index t2_i1 on t2(t2_n1);
create index t3_i1 on t3(t3_n1);
create index t4_i1 on t4(t4_n1);

然后我们检查一个简单语句的执行计划，它看起来像一个单一的命名查询块:

explain plan for
select
        /*+ qb_name(main) */
        *
from
        t1, t2, t3, t4
where
        t2.t2_n1 = t1.t1_n2
and     t3.t3_n1 = t2.t2_n2
and     t4.t4_n1 = t3.t3_n2
;
 
select * from table(dbms_xplan.display(null,null,'outline alias'));
 
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3619951144
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |      |   192K|   140M|    61  (22)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN           |      |   192K|   140M|    61  (22)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL  | T4   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   HASH JOIN          |      | 48000 |    26M|    41  (13)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL | T3   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|*  5 |    HASH JOIN         |      | 12000 |  4500K|    26   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2   |  3000 |   559K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Query Block Name / Object Alias (identified by operation id):
-------------------------------------------------------------
   1 - MAIN
   2 - MAIN / T4@MAIN
   4 - MAIN / T3@MAIN
   6 - MAIN / T2@MAIN
   7 - MAIN / T1@MAIN
 
Outline Data
-------------
  /*+
      BEGIN_OUTLINE_DATA
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"MAIN" "T4"@"MAIN")
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"MAIN" "T3"@"MAIN")
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"MAIN" "T2"@"MAIN")
      USE_HASH(@"MAIN" "T4"@"MAIN")
      USE_HASH(@"MAIN" "T3"@"MAIN")
      USE_HASH(@"MAIN" "T2"@"MAIN")
      LEADING(@"MAIN" "T1"@"MAIN" "T2"@"MAIN" "T3"@"MAIN" "T4"@"MAIN")
      FULL(@"MAIN" "T4"@"MAIN")
      FULL(@"MAIN" "T3"@"MAIN")
      FULL(@"MAIN" "T2"@"MAIN")
      FULL(@"MAIN" "T1"@"MAIN")
      OUTLINE_LEAF(@"MAIN")
      ALL_ROWS
      DB_VERSION('19.1.0')
      OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE('19.1.0')
      IGNORE_OPTIM_EMBEDDED_HINTS
      END_OUTLINE_DATA
  */
 
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   1 - access("T4"."T4_N1"="T3"."T3_N2")
   3 - access("T3"."T3_N1"="T2"."T2_N2")
   5 - access("T2"."T2_N1"="T1"."T1_N2")

请注意，在Query Block Name / Object Alias 信息中，所有4个表都是“来源”的，或者有“@MAIN”限定的别名，在最终计划中，所有表都在名为MAIN的查询块中使用。
现在看看基本的ANSI等价语句:

explain plan for
select 
        /*+ qb_name(main) */
        *
from
        t1
join 
        t2
on      t2.t2_n1 = t1.t1_n2
join 
        t3
on      t3.t3_n1 = t2.t2_n2
join 
        t4
on      t4.t4_n1 = t3.t3_n2
;
 
select * from table(dbms_xplan.display(null,null,'outline alias'));
 
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3619951144
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |      |   192K|   140M|    61  (22)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN           |      |   192K|   140M|    61  (22)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL  | T4   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   HASH JOIN          |      | 48000 |    26M|    41  (13)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL | T3   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|*  5 |    HASH JOIN         |      | 12000 |  4500K|    26   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2   |  3000 |   559K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Query Block Name / Object Alias (identified by operation id):
-------------------------------------------------------------
   1 - SEL$43767242
   2 - SEL$43767242 / T4@SEL$3
   4 - SEL$43767242 / T3@SEL$2
   6 - SEL$43767242 / T2@SEL$1
   7 - SEL$43767242 / T1@SEL$1
 
Outline Data
-------------
  /*+
      BEGIN_OUTLINE_DATA
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"SEL$43767242" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"SEL$43767242" "T3"@"SEL$2")
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"SEL$43767242" "T2"@"SEL$1")
      USE_HASH(@"SEL$43767242" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      USE_HASH(@"SEL$43767242" "T3"@"SEL$2")
      USE_HASH(@"SEL$43767242" "T2"@"SEL$1")
      LEADING(@"SEL$43767242" "T1"@"SEL$1" "T2"@"SEL$1" "T3"@"SEL$2" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T3"@"SEL$2")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T2"@"SEL$1")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T1"@"SEL$1")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$1")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$2")
      MERGE(@"SEL$1" >"SEL$2")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$58A6D7F6")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$3")
      MERGE(@"SEL$58A6D7F6" >"SEL$3")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$9E43CB6E")
      OUTLINE(@"MAIN")
      MERGE(@"SEL$9E43CB6E" >"MAIN")
      OUTLINE_LEAF(@"SEL$43767242")
      ALL_ROWS
      DB_VERSION('19.1.0')
      OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE('19.1.0')
      IGNORE_OPTIM_EMBEDDED_HINTS
      END_OUTLINE_DATA
  */
 
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   1 - access("T4"."T4_N1"="T3"."T3_N2")
   3 - access("T3"."T3_N1"="T2"."T2_N2")
   5 - access("T2"."T2_N1"="T1"."T1_N2")

查看Plan Hash Value–它为您提供了一个强有力的证据，表明执行计划是相同的，并且仔细检查计划的主体和谓词信息，确认这两个查询以完全相同的方式操作，并且花费完全相同的成本。但是在查询块和表别名方面有很大的区别。

Query Block Name / Alias Alias 信息告诉我们，查询块“main”已经消失，查询完全是从内部产生的名为SEL$43767242的查询块运行的；此外，我们可以看到表t1和t2似乎来自于一个名为sel$1的查询块，而t3来自于sel$2，t4来自于sel$3。

最后，这里是一个凌乱的Oracle格式的语句，用于重现ANSI中的查询块名和表别名:

explain plan for
select  /*+ qb_name(main) */
        *
from    (
        select  /*+ qb_name(sel$3) */
                *
        from
                (
                select  /*+ qb_name(sel$2) */
                        *
                from    (
                        select 
                                /*+ qb_name(sel$1) */
                                *
                        from    
                                t1,
                                t2
                        where   t2.t2_n1 = t1.t1_n2
                        ) v1,
                        t3
                where   t3.t3_n1 = v1.t2_n2
                )       v2,
                t4
        where   t4.t4_n1 = v2.t3_n2
        )
;
 
select * from table(dbms_xplan.display(null,null,'outline alias'));
 
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3619951144
 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation            | Name | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |      |   192K|   140M|    61  (22)| 00:00:01 |
|*  1 |  HASH JOIN           |      |   192K|   140M|    61  (22)| 00:00:01 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL  | T4   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |   HASH JOIN          |      | 48000 |    26M|    41  (13)| 00:00:01 |
|   4 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL | T3   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|*  5 |    HASH JOIN         |      | 12000 |  4500K|    26   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|   6 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2   |  3000 |   559K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
|   7 |     TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1   |  3000 |   565K|    13   (8)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
Query Block Name / Object Alias (identified by operation id):
-------------------------------------------------------------
   1 - SEL$43767242
   2 - SEL$43767242 / T4@SEL$3
   4 - SEL$43767242 / T3@SEL$2
   6 - SEL$43767242 / T2@SEL$1
   7 - SEL$43767242 / T1@SEL$1
 
Outline Data
-------------
  /*+
      BEGIN_OUTLINE_DATA
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"SEL$43767242" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"SEL$43767242" "T3"@"SEL$2")
      SWAP_JOIN_INPUTS(@"SEL$43767242" "T2"@"SEL$1")
      USE_HASH(@"SEL$43767242" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      USE_HASH(@"SEL$43767242" "T3"@"SEL$2")
      USE_HASH(@"SEL$43767242" "T2"@"SEL$1")
      LEADING(@"SEL$43767242" "T1"@"SEL$1" "T2"@"SEL$1" "T3"@"SEL$2"
              "T4"@"SEL$3")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T4"@"SEL$3")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T3"@"SEL$2")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T2"@"SEL$1")
      FULL(@"SEL$43767242" "T1"@"SEL$1")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$1")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$2")
      MERGE(@"SEL$1" >"SEL$2")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$58A6D7F6")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$3")
      MERGE(@"SEL$58A6D7F6" >"SEL$3")
      OUTLINE(@"SEL$9E43CB6E")
      OUTLINE(@"MAIN")
      MERGE(@"SEL$9E43CB6E" >"MAIN")
      OUTLINE_LEAF(@"SEL$43767242")
      ALL_ROWS
      DB_VERSION('19.1.0')
      OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE('19.1.0')
      IGNORE_OPTIM_EMBEDDED_HINTS
      END_OUTLINE_DATA
  */
 
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
   1 - access("T4"."T4_N1"="T3"."T3_N2")
   3 - access("T3"."T3_N1"="T2"."T2_N2")
   5 - access("T2"."T2_N1"="T1"."T1_N2")

再次快速检查Plan Hash Value，确认这个凌乱的查询与前一个ANSI转换的查询匹配，并且确认计划主体和Query Block Name / Object Alias信息在命名上完全匹配。

任何时间你写ANSI语法，这种分层嵌套的内联视图就在你的查询上发生了，并且在任何其他转换发生之前–有时(虽然很少在最近版本的Oracle)这可能导致在随后的查询转换中出现意外的限制。

然而，除了“意外”之外，“ANSI重写”的最大问题来自所有额外查询块的副作用。除了最简单的情况下，如果你想应用优化器提示修复一个问题，那你必须更努力些来找出需要使用的查询块名称–你不能为你写的查询中的每个查询块创建有意义的名称。幸运的是，如果你查看的是在查询中添加hint/ * + no_query_transformation * /后的执行计划，那这会简单一点，因为这会倾向于按你的查询语句来一步一步“翻译”出执行计划(当然，除了ANSI转换)。这可能足以识别使用ANSI语法时优化器最开始的基本级别的查询块。

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