一、学习目标
这节课是本次实训第二节课程，本次课的重点是熟练掌握gsql工具的使用。熟悉Oracle的人可能都很熟悉sqlplus工具，gsql类似于Oracle的sqlplus，gsql是openGauss数据库提供的在命令行下连接数据库的工具，可通过gsql工具连接数据库服务器并进行相关数据库操作，其除了具有可操作数据库的基本功能，还提供了很多高级特性，方便用户使用。
1.1 gsql命令
如果想充分的了解gsql命令及其参数具体含义，可通过gsql --help来查看。
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql --help
gsql is the openGauss interactive terminal.
Usage:
gsql [OPTION]... [DBNAME [USERNAME]]
General options:
-c, --command=COMMAND run only single command (SQL or internal) and exit
-d, --dbname=DBNAME database name to connect to (default: "omm")
-f, --file=FILENAME execute commands from file, then exit
-l, --list list available databases, then exit
-v, --set=, --variable=NAME=VALUE
set gsql variable NAME to VALUE
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-X, --no-gsqlrc do not read startup file (~/.gsqlrc)
-1 ("one"), --single-transaction
execute command file as a single transaction
-?, --help show this help, then exit
Input and output options:
-a, --echo-all echo all input from script
-e, --echo-queries echo commands sent to server
-E, --echo-hidden display queries that internal commands generate
-k, --with-key=KEY the key for decrypting the encrypted file
-L, --log-file=FILENAME send session log to file
-m, --maintenance can connect to cluster during 2-pc transaction recovery
-n, --no-libedit disable enhanced command line editing (libedit)
-o, --output=FILENAME send query results to file (or |pipe)
-q, --quiet run quietly (no messages, only query output)
-C, --enable-client-encryption enable client encryption feature
-s, --single-step single-step mode (confirm each query)
-S, --single-line single-line mode (end of line terminates SQL command)
Output format options:
-A, --no-align unaligned table output mode
-F, --field-separator=STRING
set field separator (default: "|")
-H, --html HTML table output mode
-P, --pset=VAR[=ARG] set printing option VAR to ARG (see \pset command)
-R, --record-separator=STRING
set record separator (default: newline)
-r if this parameter is set,use libedit
-t, --tuples-only print rows only
-T, --table-attr=TEXT set HTML table tag attributes (e.g., width, border)
-x, --expanded turn on expanded table output
-z, --field-separator-zero
set field separator to zero byte
-0, --record-separator-zero
set record separator to zero byte
-2, --pipeline use pipeline to pass the password, forbidden to use in terminal
must use with -c or -f
Connection options:
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory (default: "/opt/gaussdb/tmp")
allow multi host IP address with comma separator in centralized cluster
-p, --port=PORT database server port (default: "5432")
-U, --username=USERNAME database user name (default: "omm")
-W, --password=PASSWORD the password of specified database user
For more information, type "\?" (for internal commands) or "\help" (for SQL
commands) from within gsql, or consult the gsql section in the openGauss documentation.
每个命令的具体含义还可以通过openGauss官网 https://docs.opengauss.org/zh/docs/3.1.0-lite/docs/Toolreference/gsql.html去查询gsql更详细的使用。
1.2 常用gsql命令及其含义
以下gsql常用命令及其含义，如下表:
| 元命令 | 具体含义 |
|---|---|
| \l | 列出所有可用的数据库，然后退出 |
| \conninfo | 显示会话的连接信息 |
| \c | \ DBNAME 是切换连接到该数据库 |
| \du | 显示数据库集簇中目前有哪些用户和角色 |
| \dg | dg用法同du |
| \db | 显示当前数据库集簇中目前有哪些表空间 |
| \dn | 显示当前数据库有哪些数据库模式 |
| \dt | 显示当前数据库中所有的表 |
| \d TableName | 查看某个表信息 |
| \d IndexName | 查看某个索引信息 |
| \di | 显示关系列表 |
| x | 打开扩展表格式模式 |
| \r | 提供了对gsql命令的历史版本支持 |
二、课程作业
2.1 gsql命令连到数据库omm
-- 使用 gsql -d 数据库名 -p 端口号 来连接数据库
-- 如下所示通过26000端口连接postgres数据库
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
2.2 查看数据库的版本及版权信息
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000 -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
-- 显示openGauss数据库版本信息
openGauss=# select version();
version
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by g++ (GCC) 7.3.0, 64-bit
(1 row)
-- 显示openGauss基于pg哪个版本开发的
openGauss=# show server_version;
server_version
----------------
9.2.4
(1 row)
-- 显示版权信息
openGauss=# \copyright
GaussDB Kernel Database Management System
Copyright (c) Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.
2.3 常见元命令使用
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
-- \l 列出所有可用的数据库，然后退出
openGauss=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+---------+----------+---------+-------+-------------------
postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
presdb | preuser | UTF8 | C | C |
template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
(4 rows)
-- \conninfo 显示会话的连接信息
openGauss=# \conninfo
You are connected to database "postgres" as user "omm" via socket in "/opt/gaussdb/tmp" at port "26000".
-- \c presdb 是切换连接到presdb数据库
openGauss=# \c presdb
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
You are now connected to database "presdb" as user "omm".
-- \du 显示数据库集簇中目前有哪些用户和角色
presdb=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {}
preuser | Sysadmin | {}
-- 同\dg 显示数据库集簇中目前有哪些用户和角色
presdb=# \dg
List of roles
Role name | Attributes | Member of
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {}
preuser | Sysadmin | {}
-- 显示当前数据库集簇中目前有哪些表空间
presdb=# \db
List of tablespaces
Name | Owner | Location
------------+---------+--------------------------------
pg_default | omm |
pg_global | omm |
tbs1 | preuser | /opt/gaussdb/install/data/tbs1
tbs2 | preuser | /opt/gaussdb/install/data/tbs2
(4 rows)
-- \dn 显示当前数据库有哪些数据库模式
presdb=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
dbe_sql_util | omm
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
(11 rows)
-- \d 显示当前关系列表
presdb=# \d
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
--------+-------------------+----------+---------+------------------------------------------------
public | bmsql_config | table | preuser | {orientation=row,compression=no}
public | bmsql_customer | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_district | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_hist_id_seq | sequence | preuser |
public | bmsql_history | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_item | table | preuser | {orientation=row,compression=no}
public | bmsql_new_order | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_oorder | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_order_line | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_stock | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
public | bmsql_warehouse | table | preuser | {orientation=row,fillfactor=80,compression=no}
(11 rows)
-- \d table_name 显示某个表结构
presdb=# \d bmsql_config
Table "public.bmsql_config"
Column | Type | Modifiers
-----------+-----------------------+-----------
cfg_name | character varying(30) | not null
cfg_value | character varying(50) |
Indexes:
"bmsql_config_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (cfg_name) TABLESPACE pg_default
Tablespace: "tbs2"
-- \di 显示关系列表
presdb=# \di
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Table | Storage
--------+-----------------------+-------+---------+------------------+---------
public | bmsql_config_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_config |
public | bmsql_customer_idx1 | index | preuser | bmsql_customer |
public | bmsql_customer_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_customer |
public | bmsql_district_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_district |
public | bmsql_history_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_history |
public | bmsql_item_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_item |
public | bmsql_new_order_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_new_order |
public | bmsql_oorder_idx1 | index | preuser | bmsql_oorder |
public | bmsql_oorder_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_oorder |
public | bmsql_order_line_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_order_line |
public | bmsql_stock_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_stock |
public | bmsql_warehouse_pkey | index | preuser | bmsql_warehouse |
(12 rows)
-- \d index_name 显示该索引结构
presdb=# \d bmsql_customer_idx1
Index "public.bmsql_customer_idx1"
Column | Type | Definition
---------+-----------------------+------------
c_w_id | integer | c_w_id
c_d_id | integer | c_d_id
c_last | character varying(16) | c_last
c_first | character varying(16) | c_first
btree, for table "public.bmsql_customer"
2.4 使用两种方法连到postgres数据库
可以使用gsql -d postgres 或 通过 \c postgres来连接到postres数据库
-- 通过gsql -d postgres来连接到postgres数据库
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# \q
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d presdb -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
-- 通过 \c postgres 来连接到postgres数据库
presdb=# \c postgres
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "omm".
2.5 测试gsql中的默认事务自动提交功能
openGauss在安装时默认是开启了事务自动提交功能，但可以在会话级关闭事务自动提交。
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
-- 注意 AUTOCOMMIT 一定要大写
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT; --显示数据库开启了事务自动提交功能
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
openGauss=# \set AUTOCOMMIT off
openGauss=#
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT; -- 通过该方式查看到的autocommit仍然是on
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT -- 通过该方式可看到事务提交已关闭
off
2.5.1 测试事务自动提交
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT;
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_t
openGauss-# ( c_customer_sk integer,
openGauss(# c_customer_id char(5),
openGauss(# c_first_name char(6),
openGauss(# c_last_name char(8)
openGauss(# ) ;
CREATE TABLE
openGauss=# INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES (3769, 5, 'Grace','White');
INSERT 0 1
openGauss=# \set AUTOCOMMIT off -- 关闭事务提交
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
off
openGauss=# select * from customer_t; --仍可以查询到之前提交的数据
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
3769 | 5 | Grace | White
(1 row)
2.5.2 测试事务回滚
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
ERROR: relation "customer_t" does not exist on dn_6001_6002
LINE 1: select * from customer_t;
^
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT;
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
on
openGauss=# \set AUTOCOMMIT off
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
off
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_t
openGauss-# ( c_customer_sk integer,
openGauss(# c_customer_id char(5),
openGauss(# c_first_name char(6),
openGauss(# c_last_name char(8)
openGauss(# ) ;
CREATE TABLE
openGauss=# INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES (3769, 5, 'Grace','White');
INSERT 0 1
openGauss=# ROLLBACK;
ROLLBACK
openGauss=# \d customer_t
Did not find any relation named "customer_t".
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
ERROR: relation "customer_t" does not exist on dn_6001_6002
LINE 1: select * from customer_t;
^
openGauss=#
# 通过上述实验，当关闭了事务自动提交功能，执行ROLLBACK回滚，是DDL和DML都被回滚了。
2.6 测试手动事务提交
2.6.1 测试关闭事务自动提交进行手动提交
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT;
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
on
openGauss=# \set AUTOCOMMIT off
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
off
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_t
openGauss-# ( c_customer_sk integer,
openGauss(# c_customer_id char(5),
openGauss(# c_first_name char(6),
openGauss(# c_last_name char(8)
openGauss(# ) ;
CREATE TABLE
openGauss=# INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES
openGauss-# (6885, 1, 'Joes', 'Hunter'),
openGauss-# (4321, 2, 'Lily','Carter'),
openGauss-# (9527, 3, 'James', 'Cook'),
openGauss-# (9500, 4, 'Lucy', 'Baker');
INSERT 0 4
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(4 rows)
openGauss=# commit;
COMMIT
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(4 rows)
openGauss=# rollback;
ROLLBACK
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(4 rows)
-- 但关闭了事务自动提交，手动执行了commit,即使之后再执行rollback，提交的事务也不会被回滚。
2.6.2 测试START TRANSACTION
START TRANSACTION立即启动一个事务，而不管当前的提交模式设置如何。
无论当前的提交模式设置如何，以START transaction开始的事务必须通过发出显式COMMIT或ROLLBACK来结束
[omm@opengauss-node1 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000
gsql ((openGauss 3.1.0 build 4e931f9a) compiled at 2022-09-29 14:19:24 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT;
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
openGauss=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
on
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
ERROR: relation "customer_t" does not exist on dn_6001_6002
LINE 1: select * from customer_t;
^
openGauss=# START TRANSACTION;
START TRANSACTION
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_t
openGauss-# ( c_customer_sk integer,
openGauss(# c_customer_id char(5),
openGauss(# c_first_name char(6),
openGauss(# c_last_name char(8)
openGauss(# ) ;
CREATE TABLE
openGauss=# INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES
openGauss-# (6885, 1, 'Joes', 'Hunter'),
openGauss-# (4321, 2, 'Lily','Carter'),
openGauss-# (9527, 3, 'James', 'Cook'),
openGauss-# (9500, 4, 'Lucy', 'Baker');
INSERT 0 4
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(4 rows)
openGauss=# ROLLBACK;
ROLLBACK
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
ERROR: relation "customer_t" does not exist on dn_6001_6002
LINE 1: select * from customer_t;
^
-- 通过以上测试，可以看到即使开启了事务自动提交功能，当执行START TRANSACTION，执行rollback，仍然可以回滚当前执行的事务。
2.7 了解gsql相关帮助
通过gsql --help、-h或-? 可以获取gsql的相关帮助信息
openGauss=# \h
Available help:
ABORT ALTER SEQUENCE COMMIT CREATE RESOURCE POOL DROP APP WORKLOAD GROUP MAPPING DROP SEQUENCE PURGE SNAPSHOT
ALTER APP WORKLOAD GROUP ALTER SERVER COMMIT PREPARED CREATE ROLE DROP AUDIT POLICY DROP SERVER REASSIGN OWNED
ALTER APP WORKLOAD GROUP MAPPING ALTER SESSION COPY CREATE ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY DROP CLIENT MASTER KEY DROP SUBSCRIPTION REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER AUDIT POLICY ALTER SUBSCRIPTION CREATE APP WORKLOAD GROUP CREATE SCHEMA DROP COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY DROP SYNONYM REINDEX
ALTER DATA SOURCE ALTER SYNONYM CREATE APP WORKLOAD GROUP MAPPING CREATE SEQUENCE DROP DATA SOURCE DROP TABLE REPLACE
ALTER DATABASE ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION CREATE AUDIT POLICY CREATE SERVER DROP DATABASE DROP TABLESPACE RESET
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES ALTER SYSTEM SET CREATE BARRIER CREATE SNAPSHOT AS DROP DIRECTORY DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION REVOKE
ALTER DIRECTORY ALTER TABLE CREATE CLIENT MASTER KEY CREATE SNAPSHOT FROM DROP EXTENSION DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY ROLLBACK
ALTER EXTENSION ALTER TABLE PARTITION CREATE COLUMN ENCRYPTION KEY CREATE SUBSCRIPTION DROP FOREIGN TABLE DROP TRIGGER ROLLBACK PREPARED
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ALTER TABLE SUBPARTITION CREATE DATA SOURCE CREATE SYNONYM DROP FUNCTION DROP TYPE SAMPLE SNAPSHOT
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE FOR HDFS ALTER TABLESPACE CREATE DATABASE CREATE TABLE DROP GLOBAL CONFIGURATION DROP USER SAVEPOINT
ALTER FUNCTION ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION CREATE DIRECTORY CREATE TABLE AS DROP GROUP DROP VIEW SELECT
ALTER GLOBAL CONFIGURATION ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY CREATE EXTENSION CREATE TABLE PARTITION DROP INDEX DROP WEAK PASSWORD DICTIONARY SELECT INTO
ALTER GROUP ALTER TRIGGER CREATE FOREIGN TABLE CREATE TABLE SUBPARTITION DROP MASKING POLICY DROP WORKLOAD GROUP SET
ALTER INDEX ALTER TYPE CREATE FUNCTION CREATE TABLESPACE DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW END SET CONSTRAINTS
ALTER LARGE OBJECT ALTER USER CREATE GROUP CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION DROP MODEL EXECUTE SET ROLE
ALTER MASKING POLICY ALTER VIEW CREATE INDEX CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY DROP NODE EXECUTE DIRECT SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW ALTER WORKLOAD GROUP CREATE LANGUAGE CREATE TRIGGER DROP NODE GROUP EXPLAIN SET TRANSACTION
ALTER NODE ANALYSE CREATE MASKING POLICY CREATE TYPE DROP OPERATOR FETCH SHOW
ALTER NODE GROUP ANALYZE CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW CREATE USER DROP OWNED GRANT START TRANSACTION
ALTER OPERATOR ANONYMOUS BLOCK CREATE MODEL CREATE VIEW DROP PACKAGE INSERT TIMECAPSULE TABLE
ALTER PACKAGE ARCHIVE SNAPSHOT CREATE NODE CREATE WEAK PASSWORD DICTIONARY DROP PACKAGE BODY LOCK TRUNCATE
ALTER PROCEDURE BEGIN CREATE NODE GROUP CREATE WORKLOAD GROUP DROP PROCEDURE MERGE UPDATE
ALTER PUBLICATION CALL CREATE OPERATOR CURSOR DROP PUBLICATION MOVE VACUUM
ALTER RESOURCE LABEL CHECKPOINT CREATE PACKAGE DEALLOCATE DROP RESOURCE LABEL PREDICT BY VALUES
ALTER RESOURCE POOL CLEAN CONNECTION CREATE PACKAGE BODY DECLARE DROP RESOURCE POOL PREPARE
ALTER ROLE CLOSE CREATE PROCEDURE DELETE DROP ROLE PREPARE TRANSACTION
ALTER ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY CLUSTER CREATE PUBLICATION DO DROP ROW LEVEL SECURITY POLICY PUBLISH SNAPSHOT
ALTER SCHEMA COMMENT CREATE RESOURCE LABEL DROP APP WORKLOAD GROUP DROP SCHEMA PURGE
openGauss=# \?
General
\copyright show openGauss usage and distribution terms
\g [FILE] or ; execute query (and send results to file or |pipe)
\h(\help) [NAME] help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands
\parallel [on [num]|off] toggle status of execute (currently off)
\q quit gsql
Query Buffer
\e [FILE] [LINE] edit the query buffer (or file) with external editor
\ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]] edit function definition with external editor
\p show the contents of the query buffer
\r reset (clear) the query buffer
\w FILE write query buffer to file
Input/Output
\copy ... perform SQL COPY with data stream to the client host
\echo [STRING] write string to standard output
\i FILE execute commands from file
\i+ FILE KEY execute commands from encrypted file
\ir FILE as \i, but relative to location of current script
\ir+ FILE KEY as \i+, but relative to location of current script
\o [FILE] send all query results to file or |pipe
\qecho [STRING] write string to query output stream (see \o)
Informational
(options: S = show system objects, + = additional detail)
\d[S+] list tables, views, and sequences
\d[S+] NAME describe table, view, sequence, or index
三、课程总结
通过本课程的学习，加深了对gsql知识的掌握，同时也让我对openGauss的事务提交有了初步的理解。想要更深入的掌握这些知识点，还是要通过不断的测试来充分理解其含义。
最后修改时间：2022-11-25 16:56:17
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