openGauss的模式是对数据库做一个逻辑分割。所有的数据库对象都建立在模式下面。openGauss的模式和用户是弱绑定的,所谓的弱绑定是指虽然创建用户的同时会自动创建一个同名模式,但用户也可以单独创建模式,并且为用户指定其他的模式。
在一个数据库中,可以有多个模式。模式可以把一组对象组织在一起。这样组织机构有多少个应用,我们可以将数据库对象组织成几个模式;组织机构有几个部门,也可以为该部门创建单独的模式。默认情况下,用户将访问数据库的public模式。
学习目标
模式管理包括为数据库创建模式、删除模式、查看和设置模式的搜索路径、查看模式中的信息。
课程学习
1.实验准备:
root@modb:~# su - omm omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help.--执行如下的命令和SQL语句,创建表空间enmtbs和数据库enmdb:omm=# create tablespace enmtbs relative location 'tablespace/enmtbs1'; CREATE TABLESPACE omm=# create database enmdb with tablespace = enmtbs ; CREATE DATABASE–执行下面的gsql元命令\l,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些数据库:omm=# \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges -----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+------------------- enmdb | omm | UTF8 | C | C | omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C | postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C | template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm + | | | | | omm=CTc/omm template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm + | | | | | omm=CTc/omm (5 rows)--执行下面的gsql元命令\db,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些表空间:omm=# \db List of tablespaces Name | Owner | Location ------------+-------+-------------------- enmtbs | omm | tablespace/enmtbs1 pg_default | omm | pg_global | omm | (3 rows)
2.执行下面的gsql元命令,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户和模式
--执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户: omm=# \du List of roles Role name | Attributes | Member of -----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------- gaussdb | Sysadmin | {} omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {} --执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式omm=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -----------------+------- blockchain | omm cstore | omm db4ai | omm dbe_perf | omm dbe_pldebugger | omm dbe_pldeveloper | omm pkg_service | omm public | omm snapshot | omm sqladvisor | omm (10 rows)
3.执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个数据库用户user1,其密码为kunpeng@1234,并授予数据库用户user1 SYSADMIN权限:
--创建数据库用户user1的同时,会在系统的omm数据库中创建一个与这个用户名同名的模式user1。omm=# create user user1 identified by 'kunpeng@1234'; NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure. CREATE ROLEomm=# alter user user1 sysadmin ; ALTER ROLE--再次执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:omm=# \du List of roles Role name | Attributes | Member of -----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------- gaussdb | Sysadmin | {} omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {} user1 | Sysadmin | {}--再次执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式omm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | | | =U/omm | | pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f user1 | user1 | | | f (11 rows)--或omm=# select catalog_name,schema_name,schema_owner from information_schema.schemata ; catalog_name | schema_name | schema_owner --------------+--------------------+-------------- omm | pg_toast | omm omm | cstore | omm omm | pkg_service | omm omm | dbe_perf | omm omm | snapshot | omm omm | blockchain | omm omm | pg_catalog | omm omm | public | omm omm | sqladvisor | omm omm | dbe_pldebugger | omm omm | dbe_pldeveloper | omm omm | information_schema | omm omm | db4ai | omm omm | user1 | user1 (14 rows)
4.PUBLIC模式:
openGauss在创建一个新的数据库时,会自动创建一个public模式。当用户登录到该数据库时,如果没有特殊的指定,都是操作在public模式中的数据库对象。
默认情况下,用户新创建的表,位于public模式中
--执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个测试表test:omm=# create table test(col1 char(10)); CREATE TABLE--执行下面的gsql元命令\dt,查看 test表的Schema: omm=# \dt test omm=# List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage --------+------+-------+-------+---------------------------------- public | test | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no} (1 row)
5.为数据库创建模式
一个用户可以创建多个模式
--创建一个模式schm1,属主是用户user1,并再次查看当前连接的数据库下有哪些模式:omm=# create schema schm1 authorization user1; CREATE SCHEMA--继续在数据库enmdb中,创建模式schm2,模式schm3,属主是用户omm:omm=# create schema schm2; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# create schema schm3; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -----------------+------- blockchain | omm cstore | omm db4ai | omm dbe_perf | omm dbe_pldebugger | omm dbe_pldeveloper | omm pkg_service | omm public | omm schm1 | user1 schm2 | omm schm3 | omm snapshot | omm sqladvisor | omm user1 | user1 (14 rows)
6.查看和设置模式的搜索路径
--会话级设置模式搜索顺序 在gsql客户端会话中,执行命令SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1可以修改模式搜索路径,但只在gsql客户端会话的持续过程中起作用,一旦退出gsql客户端会话,这个设置就丢失了。重新登录gsql会话将模式搜索路径恢复为默认值"$user",public。omm=# set SEARCH_PATH TO schm1; SET omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm1 (1 row) omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ---------------- "$user",public (1 row)--数据库级设置模式搜索顺序 修改数据库级别的搜索顺序后,数据库用户user1再次登录到数据库enmdb,其模式搜索路径已经变更为数据库默认的模式搜索路径schm1。omm=# alter database enmdb set SEARCH_PATH to schm1; ALTER DATABASE omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help.omm=# \c enmdb user1 Password for user user1: Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) You are now connected to database "enmdb" as user "user1". enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm1 (1 row)--用户级设置模式搜索顺序 --设置数据库的用户user1的模式搜索顺序为模式schm2:omm=# alter user user1 set SEARCH_PATH to schm2; ALTER ROLE omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -d enmdb -U user1 -W kunpeng@1234 -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm2 (1 row)
7.搜索顺序的优先级
--会话级模式搜索顺序的优先级最高,用户级模式搜索顺序的优先级第2,数据库级模式搜索顺序的优先级最低。 #在会话级修改模式搜索顺序为模式schm3:omm=# set SEARCH_PATH to schm3; SET omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm3 (1 row)
8.查看模式有哪些表
--查看当前连接的数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:enmdb=> \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type omm-# omm-# from information_schema.tables where table_schema = 'public'; table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type ---------------+--------------+------------+------------ omm | public | test | BASE TABLE (1 row)--查看指定数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type omm-# from information_schema.tables omm-# where table_catalog='omm' and table_schema = 'public'; omm=# table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type ---------------+--------------+------------+------------ omm | public | test | BASE TABLE (1 row)
课程作业
1.创建一个名为testsm、testsm1的模式
root@modb:~# su - omm
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# create schema testsm ;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=# create schema testsm1 ;
CREATE SCHEMA
2.创建一个用户john, 并将testsm的owner修改为
john,且修改owner前后分别使用\dn+查看模式信息
omm=# create user john identified by 'kunpeng@1234'; NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure. CREATE ROLE omm=# alter user john sysadmin ; ALTER ROLEomm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f | | =U/omm | | john | john | | | f pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f | | =U/omm | | snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f --More-- sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | testsm | omm | | | f testsm1 | omm | | | f user1 | user1 | | | f (14 rows)omm=# alter schema testsm owner to john ; ALTER SCHEMAomm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f | | =U/omm | | john | john | | | f pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f | | =U/omm | | snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | testsm | john | | | f testsm1 | omm | | | f user1 | user1 | | | f (14 rows)
3.重命名testsm为testsm2
omm=# alter schema testsm rename to testsm2;
ALTER SCHEMA
4.在模式testsm1中建表t1、插入记录和查询记录
omm=# alter schema testsm rename to testsm2;
ALTER SCHEMA
omm=# create table testsm1.t1
omm-# ( c_customer_sk integer,
omm(# c_customer_id char(5),
omm(# c_first_name char(6),
omm(# c_last_name char(8)
omm(# );
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into testsm1.t1 values
omm-# (6885, 1, 'Joes', 'Hunter'),
omm-# (4321, 2, 'Lily','Carter'),
omm-# (9527, 3, 'James', 'Cook'),
omm-# (9500, 4, 'Lucy', 'Baker');
INSERT 0 4
omm=# select * from testsm1.t1 ;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(4 rows)
5.在会话级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# set SEARCH_PATH to testsm;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm
(1 row)
omm=# set SEARCH_PATH to testsm1;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm1
(1 row)
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
----------------
"$user",public
(1 row)
6.在数据库级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# alter database omm set SEARCH_PATH to testsm; ALTER DATABASEomm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help.omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- testsm (1 row)
7.在用户级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------------------
omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
(4 rows)
omm=# alter user omm set SEARCH_PATH to testsm1;
ALTER ROLE
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -d postgres -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm1
(1 row)
「喜欢这篇文章,您的关注和赞赏是给作者最好的鼓励」
关注作者
【版权声明】本文为墨天轮用户原创内容,转载时必须标注文章的来源(墨天轮),文章链接,文章作者等基本信息,否则作者和墨天轮有权追究责任。如果您发现墨天轮中有涉嫌抄袭或者侵权的内容,欢迎发送邮件至:contact@modb.pro进行举报,并提供相关证据,一经查实,墨天轮将立刻删除相关内容。




