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openGauss每日一练第12天 | openGauss逻辑结构:模式管理

原创 落笔花生 2022-12-05
214

openGauss的模式是对数据库做一个逻辑分割。所有的数据库对象都建立在模式下面。openGauss的模式和用户是弱绑定的,所谓的弱绑定是指虽然创建用户的同时会自动创建一个同名模式,但用户也可以单独创建模式,并且为用户指定其他的模式。

在一个数据库中,可以有多个模式。模式可以把一组对象组织在一起。这样组织机构有多少个应用,我们可以将数据库对象组织成几个模式;组织机构有几个部门,也可以为该部门创建单独的模式。默认情况下,用户将访问数据库的public模式。

学习目标

模式管理包括为数据库创建模式、删除模式、查看和设置模式的搜索路径、查看模式中的信息。

课程学习

1.实验准备:

root@modb:~# su - omm
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
--执行如下的命令和SQL语句,创建表空间enmtbs和数据库enmdb:
omm=# create tablespace enmtbs relative location 'tablespace/enmtbs1'; CREATE TABLESPACE omm=# create database enmdb with tablespace = enmtbs ; CREATE DATABASE
–执行下面的gsql元命令\l,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些数据库:
omm=# \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges -----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+------------------- enmdb | omm | UTF8 | C | C | omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C | postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C | template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm + | | | | | omm=CTc/omm template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm + | | | | | omm=CTc/omm (5 rows)
--执行下面的gsql元命令\db,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些表空间:
omm=# \db List of tablespaces Name | Owner | Location ------------+-------+-------------------- enmtbs | omm | tablespace/enmtbs1 pg_default | omm | pg_global | omm | (3 rows)

2.执行下面的gsql元命令,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户和模式

--执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:
omm=# \du
                                                              List of roles
 Role name |                                                    Attributes                                                    | Member of 
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
 gaussdb   | Sysadmin                                                                                                         | {}
 omm       | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {}

--执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式
omm=# \dn
     List of schemas
      Name       | Owner 
-----------------+-------
 blockchain      | omm
 cstore          | omm
 db4ai           | omm
 dbe_perf        | omm
 dbe_pldebugger  | omm
 dbe_pldeveloper | omm
 pkg_service     | omm
 public          | omm
 snapshot        | omm
 sqladvisor      | omm
(10 rows)

3.执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个数据库用户user1,其密码为kunpeng@1234,并授予数据库用户user1 SYSADMIN权限:

--创建数据库用户user1的同时,会在系统的omm数据库中创建一个与这个用户名同名的模式user1。
omm=# create user user1 identified by 'kunpeng@1234'; NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure. CREATE ROLEomm=# alter user user1 sysadmin ; ALTER ROLE --再次执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:
omm=# \du List of roles Role name | Attributes | Member of -----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------- gaussdb | Sysadmin | {} omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {} user1 | Sysadmin | {} --再次执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式
omm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | | | =U/omm | | pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f user1 | user1 | | | f (11 rows)
--或
omm=# select catalog_name,schema_name,schema_owner from information_schema.schemata ; catalog_name | schema_name | schema_owner --------------+--------------------+-------------- omm | pg_toast | omm omm | cstore | omm omm | pkg_service | omm omm | dbe_perf | omm omm | snapshot | omm omm | blockchain | omm omm | pg_catalog | omm omm | public | omm omm | sqladvisor | omm omm | dbe_pldebugger | omm omm | dbe_pldeveloper | omm omm | information_schema | omm omm | db4ai | omm omm | user1 | user1 (14 rows)

4.PUBLIC模式:
openGauss在创建一个新的数据库时,会自动创建一个public模式。当用户登录到该数据库时,如果没有特殊的指定,都是操作在public模式中的数据库对象。
默认情况下,用户新创建的表,位于public模式中

 --执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个测试表test:
omm=# create table test(col1 char(10));
CREATE TABLE--执行下面的gsql元命令\dt,查看 test表的Schema:
omm=# \dt test
omm=#                         List of relations
 Schema | Name | Type  | Owner |             Storage              
--------+------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
 public | test | table | omm   | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(1 row)

5.为数据库创建模式
一个用户可以创建多个模式

--创建一个模式schm1,属主是用户user1,并再次查看当前连接的数据库下有哪些模式:
omm=# create schema schm1 authorization user1; CREATE SCHEMA --继续在数据库enmdb中,创建模式schm2,模式schm3,属主是用户omm:
omm=# create schema schm2; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# create schema schm3; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -----------------+------- blockchain | omm cstore | omm db4ai | omm dbe_perf | omm dbe_pldebugger | omm dbe_pldeveloper | omm pkg_service | omm public | omm schm1 | user1 schm2 | omm schm3 | omm snapshot | omm sqladvisor | omm user1 | user1 (14 rows)

6.查看和设置模式的搜索路径

 --会话级设置模式搜索顺序
在gsql客户端会话中,执行命令SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1可以修改模式搜索路径,但只在gsql客户端会话的持续过程中起作用,一旦退出gsql客户端会话,这个设置就丢失了。重新登录gsql会话将模式搜索路径恢复为默认值"$user",public。
omm=# set SEARCH_PATH TO schm1;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
 search_path 
-------------
 schm1
(1 row)
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.

omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
  search_path   
----------------
 "$user",public
(1 row)
--数据库级设置模式搜索顺序 修改数据库级别的搜索顺序后,数据库用户user1再次登录到数据库enmdb,其模式搜索路径已经变更为数据库默认的模式搜索路径schm1。
omm=# alter database enmdb set SEARCH_PATH to schm1; ALTER DATABASE omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help.
omm=# \c enmdb user1 Password for user user1: Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) You are now connected to database "enmdb" as user "user1". enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm1 (1 row)
--用户级设置模式搜索顺序 --设置数据库的用户user1的模式搜索顺序为模式schm2:
omm=# alter user user1 set SEARCH_PATH to schm2; ALTER ROLE omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -d enmdb -U user1 -W kunpeng@1234 -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm2 (1 row)

7.搜索顺序的优先级

--会话级模式搜索顺序的优先级最高,用户级模式搜索顺序的优先级第2,数据库级模式搜索顺序的优先级最低。
#在会话级修改模式搜索顺序为模式schm3:
omm=# set SEARCH_PATH to schm3; SET omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm3 (1 row)

8.查看模式有哪些表

--查看当前连接的数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:
enmdb=> \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.

omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type
omm-# omm-#  from information_schema.tables  
 where table_schema = 'public';
 table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type 
---------------+--------------+------------+------------
 omm           | public       | test       | BASE TABLE
(1 row)
--查看指定数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:
omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type omm-# from information_schema.tables omm-# where table_catalog='omm' and table_schema = 'public'; omm=# table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type ---------------+--------------+------------+------------ omm | public | test | BASE TABLE (1 row)

课程作业

1.创建一个名为testsm、testsm1的模式

root@modb:~# su - omm
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.

omm=# create schema testsm ;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=# create schema testsm1 ;
CREATE SCHEMA

2.创建一个用户john, 并将testsm的owner修改为
john,且修改owner前后分别使用\dn+查看模式信息

omm=# create user john identified by 'kunpeng@1234';
NOTICE:  The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure.
CREATE ROLE
omm=# alter user john sysadmin ;
ALTER ROLE
omm=# \dn+
                                         List of schemas
      Name       | Owner | Access privileges |           Description            | WithBlockChain 
-----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------
 blockchain      | omm   |                   | blockchain schema                | f
 cstore          | omm   |                   | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f
 db4ai           | omm   | omm=UC/omm       +| db4ai schema                     | f
                 |       | =U/omm            |                                  | 
 dbe_perf        | omm   |                   | dbe_perf schema                  | f
 dbe_pldebugger  | omm   | omm=UC/omm       +| dbe_pldebugger schema            | f
                 |       | =U/omm            |                                  | 
 dbe_pldeveloper | omm   | omm=UC/omm       +| dbe_pldeveloper schema           | f
                 |       | =U/omm            |                                  | 
 john            | john  |                   |                                  | f
 pkg_service     | omm   |                   | pkg_service schema               | f
 public          | omm   | omm=UC/omm       +| standard public schema           | f
                 |       | =U/omm            |                                  | 
 snapshot        | omm   |                   | snapshot schema                  | f
--More-- sqladvisor      | omm   | omm=UC/omm       +| sqladvisor schema                | f
                 |       | =U/omm            |                                  | 
 testsm          | omm   |                   |                                  | f
 testsm1         | omm   |                   |                                  | f
 user1           | user1 |                   |                                  | f
(14 rows)
omm=# alter schema testsm owner to john ; ALTER SCHEMA
omm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f | | =U/omm | | john | john | | | f pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f | | =U/omm | | snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | testsm | john | | | f testsm1 | omm | | | f user1 | user1 | | | f (14 rows)

3.重命名testsm为testsm2

omm=# alter schema testsm rename to testsm2;
ALTER SCHEMA

4.在模式testsm1中建表t1、插入记录和查询记录

omm=# alter schema testsm rename to testsm2;
ALTER SCHEMA
omm=# create table testsm1.t1
omm-# ( c_customer_sk             integer,   
omm(#   c_customer_id             char(5),    
omm(#   c_first_name              char(6),    
omm(#   c_last_name               char(8) 
omm(# );
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into testsm1.t1 values 
omm-# (6885, 1, 'Joes', 'Hunter'),    
omm-# (4321, 2, 'Lily','Carter'),    
omm-# (9527, 3, 'James', 'Cook'),
omm-# (9500, 4, 'Lucy', 'Baker');
INSERT 0 4
omm=# select * from testsm1.t1 ;
 c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name 
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
          6885 | 1             | Joes         | Hunter  
          4321 | 2             | Lily         | Carter  
          9527 | 3             | James        | Cook    
          9500 | 4             | Lucy         | Baker   
(4 rows)

5.在会话级设置模式搜索顺序

omm=# set SEARCH_PATH to testsm;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
 search_path 
-------------
 testsm
(1 row)

omm=# set SEARCH_PATH to testsm1;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
 search_path 
-------------
 testsm1
(1 row)
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.

omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
  search_path   
----------------
 "$user",public
(1 row)

6.在数据库级设置模式搜索顺序

omm=# alter database omm set SEARCH_PATH to testsm;
ALTER DATABASE
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- testsm (1 row)

7.在用户级设置模式搜索顺序

omm=# \l
                         List of databases
   Name    | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges 
-----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------------------
 omm       | omm   | UTF8     | C       | C     | 
 postgres  | omm   | UTF8     | C       | C     | 
 template0 | omm   | UTF8     | C       | C     | =c/omm           +
           |       |          |         |       | omm=CTc/omm
 template1 | omm   | UTF8     | C       | C     | =c/omm           +
           |       |          |         |       | omm=CTc/omm
(4 rows)

omm=# alter user omm set SEARCH_PATH to testsm1;
ALTER ROLE
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -d postgres -r     
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr  )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.

openGauss=# show SEARCH_PATH;
 search_path 
-------------
 testsm1
(1 row)
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