openGauss的模式是对数据库做一个逻辑分割。所有的数据库对象都建立在模式下面。openGauss的模式和用户是弱绑定的,所谓的弱绑定是指虽然创建用户的同时会自动创建一个同名模式,但用户也可以单独创建模式,并且为用户指定其他的模式。
在一个数据库中,可以有多个模式。模式可以把一组对象组织在一起。这样组织机构有多少个应用,我们可以将数据库对象组织成几个模式;组织机构有几个部门,也可以为该部门创建单独的模式。默认情况下,用户将访问数据库的public模式。
与Oracle不同,Oracle schemas随用户创建;
GAUSS中schemas可以单独创建,并修改用户所属的schemas对象;是一个更为灵活的逻辑隔离对象;在不同schema中创建表,切换至其他schema后,无法查看;
学习目标
模式管理包括为数据库创建模式、删除模式、查看和设置模式的搜索路径、查看模式中的信息
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# omm=# --执行如下的命令和SQL语句,创建表空间enmtbs和数据库enmdb:
omm=# omm=# CREATE TABLESPACE enmtbs RELATIVE LOCATION 'tablespace/enmtbs1';
CREATE TABLESPACE
omm=# CREATE DATABASE enmdb WITH TABLESPACE = enmtbs;
CREATE DATABASE
omm=#
omm=# gsql元命令\l,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些数据库:
Invalid command \l,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些数据库:. Try \? for help.
omm-# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------------------
enmdb | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
(5 rows)
omm-#
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
omm-# \db
--执行下面的gsql元命令\db,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些表空间:
omm-# List of tablespaces
Name | Owner | Location
------------+-------+--------------------
enmtbs | omm | tablespace/enmtbs1
pg_default | omm |
pg_global | omm |
(3 rows)
omm-# omm-# \du
--执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:
List of roles
Role name | Attributes
| Member of
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------+-----------
gaussdb | Sysadmin
| {}
omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyad
min, UseFT | {}
omm-# --执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式
omm-#
omm-# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
(10 rows)
omm=#
CREATE USER user1 IDENTIFIED BY 'kunpeng@1234';
NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure.
CREATE ROLE
omm=# ALTER USER user1 SYSADMIN;
ALTER ROLE
omm=#
omm=# omm=# \du
--再次执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:
List of roles
Role name | Attributes
| Member of
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------+-----------
gaussdb | Sysadmin
| {}
omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyad
min, UseFT | {}
user1 | Sysadmin
| {}
omm=#
omm=# --再次执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式
omm=#
omm=# \dn+
List of schemas
Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain
-----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------
blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f
cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f
db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f
| | =U/omm | |
dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f
dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f
| | =U/omm | |
dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f
| | =U/omm | |
pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f
public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f
| | =U/omm | |
| | =U/omm | |
user1 | user1 | | | f
(11 rows)
snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f
sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f
omm=#
omm=# omm=#
--或
omm=# SELECT catalog_name, schema_name, schema_owner FROM information_schema.schemata;
catalog_name | schema_name | schema_owner
--------------+--------------------+--------------
omm | pg_toast | omm
omm | cstore | omm
omm | pkg_service | omm
omm | dbe_perf | omm
omm | snapshot | omm
omm | blockchain | omm
omm | pg_catalog | omm
omm | public | omm
omm | sqladvisor | omm
omm | dbe_pldebugger | omm
omm | dbe_pldeveloper | omm
omm | information_schema | omm
omm | db4ai | omm
omm | user1 | user1
(14 rows)
omm=#
omm=# --执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个测试表test:
omm=#
omm=# create table test(col1 char(10));
CREATE TABLE
omm=#
omm=# omm=#
omm=# \dt test
--执行下面的gsql元命令\dt,查看 test表的Schema:
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
--------+------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
public | test | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(1 row)
omm=# --创建一个模式schm1,属主是用户user1,并再次查看当前连接的数据库下有哪些模式�
omm=#
create schema schm1 AUTHORIZATION user1;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=#
omm=# omm=#
omm=# --继续在数据库enmdb中,创建模式schm2,模式schm3,属主是用户omm:
create schema schm2;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=# create schema schm3;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
schm1 | user1
schm2 | omm
schm3 | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
user1 | user1
(14 rows)
--会话级设置模式搜索顺序
在gsql客户端会话中,执行命令SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1可以修改模式搜索路径,但只在gsql客户端会话的持续过程中起作用,一旦退出gsql客户端会话,这个设置就丢失了。重新登录gsql会话将模式搜索路径恢复为默认值"$user",public。
omm=# SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
schm1
(1 row)
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
----------------
"$user",public
(1 row)
--数据库级设置模式搜索顺序
修改数据库级别的搜索顺序后,数据库用户user1再次登录到数据库enmdb,其模式搜索路径已经变更为数据库默认的模式搜索路径schm1。
omm=# ALTER DATABASE enmdb SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1;
ALTER DATABASE
omm=#
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=#
omm=# \c enmdb user1
Password for user user1:
FATAL: Invalid username/password,login denied.
Previous connection kept
omm=# \c enmdb user1
Password for user user1:
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
You are now connected to database "enmdb" as user "user1".
enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
schm1
(1 row)
--用户级设置模式搜索顺序
--设置数据库的用户user1的模式搜索顺序为模式schm2:
enmdb=> ALTER USER user1 SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm2;
enmdb=> \q
ALTER ROLE
omm@modb:~$ omm@modb:~$
gsql -d enmdb -U user1 -W kunpeng@1234 -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
enmdb=>
enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
schm2
(1 row)
--会话级模式搜索顺序的优先级最高,用户级模式搜索顺序的优先级第2,数据库级模式搜索顺序的优先级最低。
#在会话级修改模式搜索顺序为模式schm3:
enmdb=> SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm3;
SET
enmdb=>
enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
schm3
(1 row)
--查看当前连接的数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type
omm-# from information_schema.tables
omm-# where table_schema = 'public';
table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type
---------------+--------------+------------+------------
omm | public | test | BASE TABLE
(1 row)
--查看指定数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:
omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type
omm-# from information_schema.tables
omm-# where table_catalog='omm' and table_schema = 'public';
table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type
---------------+--------------+------------+------------
omm | public | test | BASE TABLE
(1 row)
课程作业
1.创建一个名为testsm、testsm1的模式
omm-# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
schm1 | user1
schm2 | omm
schm3 | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
user1 | user1
(14 rows)
omm=# create schema testsm;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=# create schema testsm1;
CREATE SCHEMA
omm=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
schm1 | user1
schm2 | omm
schm3 | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
testsm | omm
testsm1 | omm
user1 | user1
(16 rows)
2.创建一个用户john, 并将testsm的owner修改为
john,且修改owner前后分别使用\dn+查看模式信息
omm=# CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED BY 'john@1234';
NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure.
CREATE ROLE
omm=# ALTER USER john SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm;
ALTER ROLE
omm=#
omm=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
john | john
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
schm1 | user1
schm2 | omm
schm3 | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
testsm | omm
testsm1 | omm
user1 | user1
(17 rows)
omm=# alter schema testsm owner to john;
ALTER SCHEMA
omm=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
john | john
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
schm1 | user1
schm2 | omm
schm3 | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
testsm | john
testsm1 | omm
user1 | user1
(17 rows)
3.重命名testsm为testsm2
omm=# alter schema testsm rename to testsm2;
ALTER SCHEMA
omm=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+-------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
john | john
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
schm1 | user1
schm2 | omm
schm3 | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
testsm1 | omm
testsm2 | john
user1 | user1
(17 rows)
4.在模式testsm1中建表t1、插入记录和查询记录
omm=# SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm1;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm1
(1 row)
omm=#
omm=# create table t1(col1 char(20));
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into t1 values('Hello kunpeng 3');
INSERT 0 1
omm=# select * from t1;
col1
----------------------
Hello kunpeng 3
(1 row)
5.在会话级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm2;
SET
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm2
(1 row)
6.在数据库级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# ALTER DATABASE omm SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm2;
ALTER DATABASE
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
omm=# search_path
-------------
testsm2
(1 row)
7.在用户级设置模式搜索顺序
enmdb=> ALTER USER john SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm2;
ALTER ROLE
enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm
(1 row)
enmdb=> \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# \c enmdb john
Password for user john:
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
You are now connected to database "enmdb" as user "john".
enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH;
enmdb=> search_path
-------------
testsm2
(1 row)
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
omm=# search_path
-------------
testsm2
(1 row)
omm=#
omm=# ALTER USER omm SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm1;
ALTER ROLE
omm=# \dt
No relations found.
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm2
(1 row)
omm=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
omm=# show SEARCH_PATH;
search_path
-------------
testsm1
(1 row)
omm=# \dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
---------+------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
testsm1 | t1 | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(1 row)
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