课程学习内容
软件版本 :openGauss 3.0.0
openGauss的模式是对数据库做一个逻辑分割。所有的数据库对象都建立在模式下面。openGauss的模式和用户是弱绑定的,所谓的弱绑定是指虽然创建用户的同时会自动创建一个同名模式,但用户也可以单独创建模式,并且为用户指定其他的模式。
在一个数据库中,可以有多个模式。模式可以把一组对象组织在一起。这样组织机构有多少个应用,我们可以将数据库对象组织成几个模式;组织机构有几个部门,也可以为该部门创建单独的模式。默认情况下,用户将访问数据库的public模式。
模式管理 包括为数据库创建模式、删除模式、查看和设置模式的搜索路径、查看模式中的信息。
数据库实操内容
环境准备
su - omm
gsql -r
root@modb:~# su - omm omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=#
–执行如下的命令和SQL语句,创建表空间enmtbs和数据库enmdb:
CREATE TABLESPACE enmtbs RELATIVE LOCATION ‘tablespace/enmtbs1’;
CREATE DATABASE enmdb WITH TABLESPACE = enmtbs;
omm=# CREATE TABLESPACE enmtbs RELATIVE LOCATION 'tablespace/enmtbs1'; CREATE TABLESPACE omm=# CREATE DATABASE enmdb WITH TABLESPACE = enmtbs; CREATE DATABASE omm=#
–执行下面的gsql元命令\l,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些数据库:
\l
omm=# \l List of databases Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges -----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+------------------- enmdb | omm | UTF8 | C | C | omm=# omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C | postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C | template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm + | | | | | omm=CTc/omm template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm + | | | | | omm=CTc/omm (5 rows)
–执行下面的gsql元命令\db,查看openGauss数据库集群上有哪些表空间:
\db
omm=# \db List of tablespaces Name | Owner | Location ------------+-------+-------------------- enmtbs | omm | tablespace/enmtbs1 pg_default | omm | pg_global | omm | (3 rows) omm=#
执行下面的gsql元命令,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户和模式
–执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:
\du
omm=# \du List of roles Role name | Attributes | Member of -----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------+----------- gaussdb | Sysadmin | {} omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {} omm=#
–执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式
\dn
omm=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -----------------+------- blockchain | omm cstore | omm db4ai | omm dbe_perf | omm dbe_pldebugger | omm dbe_pldeveloper | omm pkg_service | omm public | omm snapshot | omm sqladvisor | omm (10 rows) omm=#
执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个数据库用户user1,其密码为kunpeng@1234,并授予数据库用户user1 SYSADMIN权限:
–创建数据库用户user1的同时,会在系统的omm数据库中创建一个与这个用户名同名的模式user1。
CREATE USER user1 IDENTIFIED BY ‘kunpeng@1234’;
ALTER USER user1 SYSADMIN;
omm=# CREATE USER user1 IDENTIFIED BY 'kunpeng@1234'; NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure. CREATE ROLE omm=# ALTER USER user1 SYSADMIN; ALTER ROLE omm=#
–再次执行下面的gsql元命令\du,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些用户:
\du
omm=# \du List of roles Role name | Attributes | Member of -----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------+----------- gaussdb | Sysadmin | {} omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatoradmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {} user1 | Sysadmin | {} omm=#
–再次执行下面的gsql元命令\dn,查看openGauss数据库上有哪些模式
\dn+
–或者
SELECT catalog_name, schema_name, schema_owner FROM information_schema.schemata;
omm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f | | =U/omm | | pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f user1 | user1 | | | f (11 rows) sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | | | =U/omm | | snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f omm=# omm=# SELECT catalog_name, schema_name, schema_owner FROM information_schema.schemata; catalog_name | schema_name | schema_owner --------------+--------------------+-------------- omm | pg_toast | omm omm | cstore | omm omm | pkg_service | omm omm | dbe_perf | omm omm | snapshot | omm omm | blockchain | omm omm | pg_catalog | omm omm | public | omm omm | sqladvisor | omm omm | dbe_pldebugger | omm omm | dbe_pldeveloper | omm omm | information_schema | omm omm | db4ai | omm omm | user1 | user1 (14 rows) omm=#
PUBLIC模式:
openGauss在创建一个新的数据库时,会自动创建一个public模式。当用户登录到该数据库时,如果没有特殊的指定,都是操作在public模式中的数据库对象。
默认情况下,用户新创建的表,位于public模式中
–执行下面的SQL语句,创建一个测试表test:
create table test(col1 char(10));
omm=# create table test(col1 char(10)); CREATE TABLE omm=#
–执行下面的gsql元命令\dt,查看 test表的Schema:
\dt test
omm=# \dt test omm=# List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage --------+------+-------+-------+---------------------------------- public | test | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no} (1 row) omm=#
为数据库创建模式
一个用户可以创建多个模式
–创建一个模式schm1,属主是用户user1,并再次查看当前连接的数据库下有哪些模式:
create schema schm1 AUTHORIZATION user1;
omm=# create schema schm1 AUTHORIZATION user1; CREATE SCHEMA omm=#
–继续在数据库enmdb中,创建模式schm2,模式schm3,属主是用户omm:
create schema schm2;
create schema schm3;
\dn
omm=# create schema schm2; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# create schema schm3; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -----------------+------- blockchain | omm cstore | omm db4ai | omm dbe_perf | omm dbe_pldebugger | omm dbe_pldeveloper | omm pkg_service | omm public | omm schm1 | user1 schm2 | omm schm3 | omm snapshot | omm sqladvisor | omm user1 | user1 (14 rows) omm=#
查看和设置模式的搜索路径
–会话级设置模式搜索顺序 在gsql客户端会话中,执行命令SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1可以修改模式搜索路径,但只在gsql客户端会话的持续过程中起作用,一旦退出gsql客户端会话,这个设置就丢失了。重新登录gsql会话将模式搜索路径恢复为默认值"$user",public。
SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1;
show SEARCH_PATH;
\q
gsql -r
show SEARCH_PATH;
omm=# SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1; SET omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm1 (1 row) omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ---------------- "$user",public (1 row) omm=#
–数据库级设置模式搜索顺序 修改数据库级别的搜索顺序后,数据库用户user1再次登录到数据库enmdb,其模式搜索路径已经变更为数据库默认的模式搜索路径schm1。
ALTER DATABASE enmdb SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1;
\q
gsql -r
\c enmdb user1
show SEARCH_PATH;
omm=# ALTER DATABASE enmdb SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm1; ALTER DATABASE omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=# \c enmdb user1 Password for user user1: Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) You are now connected to database "enmdb" as user "user1". enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm1 (1 row) enmdb=>
–用户级设置模式搜索顺序
–设置数据库的用户user1的模式搜索顺序为模式schm2:
ALTER USER user1 SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm2;
\q
gsql -d enmdb -U user1 -W kunpeng@1234 -r
show SEARCH_PATH;
enmdb=> ALTER USER user1 SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm2; ALTER ROLE enmdb=> \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -d enmdb -U user1 -W kunpeng@1234 -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm2 (1 row) enmdb=>
搜索顺序的优先级
–会话级模式搜索顺序的优先级最高,用户级模式搜索顺序的优先级第2,数据库级模式搜索顺序的优先级最低。
#在会话级修改模式搜索顺序为模式schm3:
SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm3;
show SEARCH_PATH;
enmdb=> SET SEARCH_PATH TO schm3; SET enmdb=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- schm3 (1 row) enmdb=>
查看模式有哪些表
–查看当前连接的数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:
gsql -r
select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type from information_schema.tables where table_schema = ‘public’;
omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type omm-# from information_schema.tables omm-# where table_schema = 'public'; table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type ---------------+--------------+------------+------------ omm | public | test | BASE TABLE (1 row) omm=#
–查看指定数据库中,public模式下有哪些表:
select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type from information_schema.tables where table_catalog=‘omm’ and table_schema = ‘public’;
omm=# select table_catalog,table_schema,table_name,table_type omm-# from information_schema.tables omm-# where table_catalog='omm' and table_schema = 'public'; table_catalog | table_schema | table_name | table_type ---------------+--------------+------------+------------ omm | public | test | BASE TABLE (1 row) omm=#
课程作业
创建一个名为testsm、testsm1的模式
omm=# create schema testsm; CREATE SCHEMA omm=# create schema testsm1; CREATE SCHEMA omm=#
创建一个用户john, 并将testsm的owner修改为john,且修改owner前后分别使用\dn+查看模式信息
omm=# CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED BY 'kunpeng@1234'; NOTICE: The encrypted password contains MD5 ciphertext, which is not secure. CREATE ROLE omm=# ALTER USER john SYSADMIN; ALTER ROLE omm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f | | =U/omm | | john | john | | | f pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f | | =U/omm | | schm1 | user1 | | | f schm2 | omm | | | f schm3 | omm | | | f snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | testsm | omm | | | f omm=# omm=# ALTER USER john SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm; ALTER ROLE omm=# \dn+ List of schemas Name | Owner | Access privileges | Description | WithBlockChain -----------------+-------+-------------------+----------------------------------+---------------- blockchain | omm | | blockchain schema | f cstore | omm | | reserved schema for DELTA tables | f db4ai | omm | omm=UC/omm +| db4ai schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_perf | omm | | dbe_perf schema | f dbe_pldebugger | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldebugger schema | f | | =U/omm | | dbe_pldeveloper | omm | omm=UC/omm +| dbe_pldeveloper schema | f | | =U/omm | | john | john | | | f pkg_service | omm | | pkg_service schema | f public | omm | omm=UC/omm +| standard public schema | f | | =U/omm | | schm1 | user1 | | | f schm2 | omm | | | f schm3 | omm | | | f snapshot | omm | | snapshot schema | f sqladvisor | omm | omm=UC/omm +| sqladvisor schema | f | | =U/omm | | testsm | omm | | | f testsm1 | omm | | | f user1 | user1 | | | f (17 rows) omm=# omm=# alter schema testsm owner to john; ALTER SCHEMA omm=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -----------------+------- blockchain | omm cstore | omm db4ai | omm dbe_perf | omm dbe_pldebugger | omm dbe_pldeveloper | omm john | john pkg_service | omm public | omm schm1 | user1 schm2 | omm schm3 | omm snapshot | omm sqladvisor | omm testsm | john testsm1 | omm user1 | user1 (17 rows) omm=#
重命名testsm为testsm2
omm=# alter schema testsm rename to testsm2; ALTER SCHEMA omm=#
在模式testsm1中建表t1、插入记录和查询记录
omm=# SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm1; SET omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- testsm1 (1 row) omm=# create table t1(id int); CREATE TABLE omm=# insert into t1 values(666); INSERT 0 1 omm=# select * from t1; id ----- 666 (1 row) omm=#
在会话级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm1; SET omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- testsm1 (1 row) omm=#
在数据库级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# ALTER DATABASE omm SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm1; ALTER DATABASE omm=# show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- testsm1 (1 row) omm=#
在用户级设置模式搜索顺序
omm=# ALTER USER john SET SEARCH_PATH TO testsm1; ALTER ROLE omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -d omm -U john -W kunpeng@1234 -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=> show SEARCH_PATH; search_path ------------- testsm1 (1 row) omm=>
课程学习体会
通过第12天的实训操作,初步熟悉了解 模式管理 包括为数据库创建模式、删除模式、查看和设置模式的搜索路径、查看模式中的信息等。




