学习目标
学习表的约束、表的默认值、自增类型等技术
课程学习
1.创建表的时候定义列级约束
-- 创建表的时候为表定义列级约束:在列级定义了primary key约束(id列)和not null约束(name列)。 drop table if exists test; create table test( id bigint primary key, name varchar(50) not null, age int ); --插入数据 insert into test values(1,'user1',50); --查看数据 select * from test; --查看约束 \d test2.创建表的时候定义表级约束
--创建表时定义表级约束 执行下面的SQL语句,在创建表的时候为表定义表级约束: #这里在表列级定义了primary key约束(id列),在列级定义了not null约束(name列)。 drop table if exists test001; create table test001( id bigint, name varchar(50) not null, -- 创建列级not null约束 age int, primary key(id) -- 创建表级约束 ); insert into test001 values(1,'user1',50); select * from test001; \d test0013.为表的属性定义默认值
--执行下面的语句,在创建表的时候为表的某个列定义默认值: drop table if exists test002; create table test002( id bigint, name varchar(28) not null, age int default 20, -- 为该列定义默认值为20 primary key(id) ); --下面的SQL insert语句,在向表test插入数据时,没有提供age列的值: insert into test002(id,name) values(1,'user1'); insert into test002(id,name) values(2,'user2'); select * from test002;复制
4.如果在创建表的时候,没有为某列定义默认值,缺省的默认值是空值null。
-- 未定义age列的默认值,如果插入数据时未提供该列的值,则将默认插入空值null drop table if exists test; create table test( id bigint, name varchar(50) not null, age int, primary key(id) ); insert into test(id,name) values(1,'user1'); select * from test;
- 创建表时使用自增数据类型
商品发的编号通常按顺序递增。这种情况可以使用serial数据类型。最简单方法直接使用serial数据类型。-创建一个带有serial数据类型的测试表invoice: drop table if exists invoice; create table invoice(invoicenum serial NOT NULL,name varchar(20)); --为表invoice插入3条记录,并查看插入数据后的表的数据: insert into invoice(name) values('user1'); insert into invoice(name) values('user2'); insert into invoice(name) values('user3'); --可以看到每插入一条记录到表invoice后,列invoicenum的值会自增1。 select * from invoice;6.使用现有的表创建新表
--执行下面的SQL语句,将创建新表,并且会将旧表的数据拷贝给新表: DROP TABLE if exists newtestwithdata; CREATE TABLE newtestwithdata AS SELECT * FROM invoice; SELECT * FROM newtestwithdata; --执行下面的SQL语句,创建和旧表的表结构相同的新表,但是不会将旧表的数据拷贝给新表: DROP TABLE if exists testnewwithoutdata; CREATE TABLE testnewwithoutdata AS SELECT * FROM invoice WHERE 1=2; SELECT * FROM testnewwithoutdata;课程作业
1.创建表的时候定义列级约束
```sql
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "t1_pkey" for table "t1" CREATE TABLE omm=# insert into t1 values (1,'tt',20); INSERT 0 1 omm=# select * from t1; id | name | age ----+------+----- 1 | tt | 20 (1 row) omm=# \d t1; Table "public.t1" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- id | integer | not null name | character varying(30) | not null age | integer | Indexes: "t1_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) TABLESPACE pg_default
```
2.创建表的时候定义表级约束
```sql omm=# create table t2(id int ,name varchar(30) not null ,age int ,primary key(id)); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "t2_pkey" for table "t2" CREATE TABLE omm=# insert into t2 values (2,'tom',22); omm=# INSERT 0 1
omm=# select * from t2; id | name | age ----+------+----- 2 | tom | 22 (1 row) omm=# \d t2; Table "public.t2" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- id | integer | not null name | character varying(30) | not null age | integer | Indexes: "t2_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) TABLESPACE pg_default ```
3.为表的属性定义默认值
```sql omm=# create table t3 (id int ,name varchar(30) not null ,age int default 20,primary key(id)); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "t3_pkey" for table "t3" CREATE TABLE omm=# insert into t3 (id ,name) values (3,'ttoo'); INSERT 0 1 omm=# select * from t3; id | name | age ----+------+----- 3 | ttoo | 20 (1 row) omm=# \d t3; Table "public.t3" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+------------ id | integer | not null name | character varying(30) | not null age | integer | default 20 Indexes: "t3_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) TABLESPACE pg_default ```
4.如果在创建表的时候,没有为某列定义默认值,缺省的默认值是空值null
```sql omm=# create table t4 (id int ,name varchar(30) not null ,age int ,primary key(id)); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "t4_pkey" for table "t4" CREATE TABLE omm=# insert into t4 (id ,name) values (4,'ttoo'); omm=# INSERT 0 1 omm=# select * from t4; id | name | age ----+------+----- 4 | ttoo | (1 row) omm=# \d t4 Table "public.t4" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+-----------------------+----------- id | integer | not null name | character varying(30) | not null age | integer | Indexes: "t4_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) TABLESPACE pg_default ```
5.创建表时使用自增数据类型
```sql omm=# create table t5 (id serial not null,name char(30)); NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence "t5_id_seq" for serial column "t5.id" CREATE TABLE omm=# insert into t5(name) values('t1'); INSERT 0 1 omm=# insert into t5(name) values('t2'); INSERT 0 1 omm=# insert into t5(name) values('t3'); omm=# INSERT 0 1 omm=# select * from t5; id | name ----+-------------------------------- 1 | t1 2 | t2 3 | t3 (3 rows) omm=# \d t5; Table "public.t5" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+---------------+------------------------------------------------- id | integer | not null default nextval('t5_id_seq'::regclass) name | character(30) | ```
6.使用现有的表创建新表
```sql omm=# create table t6 as select * from t5; INSERT 0 3 omm=# select * from t6; id | name ----+-------------------------------- 1 | t1 2 | t2 3 | t3 (3 rows) omm=# \d t6 Table "public.t6" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+---------------+----------- id | integer | name | character(30) | ```




