学习目标
学习openGauss数据库客户端工具gsql的使用。
课程学习
gsql是openGauss提供在命令行下运行的数据库连接工具,可以通过此工具连接服务器并对其进行操作和维护,除了具备操作数据库的基本功能,gsql还提供了若干高级特性,便于用户使用。
1.使用gsql命令连接数据库
--使用omm用户连接到本机omm数据库的5432端口,命令中的-r选项提供了对gsql命令的历史版本支持。
su - omm
gsql -r
--或
gsql -d omm -p 5432 -r
2.在gsql中查看数据库的版本、pg基础版本和版权信息
--数据库的版本、pg基础版本:
select version();
show server_version;
--版权信息:
\copyright
3.常见元命令的使用
--元命令\l显示openGauss数据库集簇中现有数据库。
\l
--元命令\conninfo显示会话的连接信息。
\conninfo
--元命令\ c[onnect] [DBNAME]连接/切换连接的数据库如:postgres。
\c postgres
--元命令\dg与\du命令都是显示openGauss数据库集簇中用户和角色信息。
\du
\dg
--元命令\db显示openGauss数据库集簇中表空间信息。
\db
--元命令\dn显示当前数据库现有数据库模式。
\dn
表相关元命令,先创建表演示:
--创建表
CREATE TABLE customer_t
( c_customer_sk integer,
c_customer_id char(5),
c_first_name char(6),
c_last_name char(8)
) ;
--插入数据
INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES (3769, 5, 'Grace','White');
--元命令\dt的作用是显示数据库中所有的表。
\dt
--元命令\d TableName的作用是查看某个表的信息。
\d customer_t
--元命令\di IndexName的作用是查看某个索引的信息。
--创建一个索引
create index idx_customer_id on customer_t(c_customer_id);
\di
--命令\pset以不同的方法显示表(是否有边框):
\pset border 2
SELECT * FROM customer_t;
--打开扩展表格式模式。
\x
4.gsql中的事务:测试gsql中的默认事务自动提交功能
--查看gsql中事务是否默认为自动提交
show AUTOCOMMIT;
--测试gsql中事务默认为自动提交功能
create table customer_new as select * from customer_t;
\q
--重新登录后看到之前创建的表customer_new:
gsql -d postgres -p 5432 -r
\dt
5.gsql中的事务:测试gsql中的事务手动提交功能
--测试gsql手动提交
#Opengauss默认执行完一条语句后,立即提交。可以关闭自动提交功能:
#注意:此处设置ATUOCOMMIT必须用大写!
\set AUTOCOMMIT off
--插入一些数据
INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES
(6885, 1, ‘Joes’, ‘Hunter’),
(4321, 2, ‘Lily’,‘Carter’),
(9527, 3, ‘James’, ‘Cook’),
(9500, 4, ‘Lucy’, ‘Baker’);
--查看表中数据
select * from customer_t;
--执行回滚
ROLLBACK;
--检查是否回滚成功
SELECT * FROM customer_t;
6.gsql相关的帮助
–连接数据库时,可以使用如下命令获取帮助信息。
gsql --help
–\h获取和SQL语法有关的帮助信息
\h
–\? 获取和元命令有关的帮助信息
\?
课程作业
1.gsql命令连到数据库omm
先查看gsql帮助了解基础使用:
omm@modb:~$ gsql --help gsql is the openGauss interactive terminal. Usage: gsql [OPTION]... [DBNAME [USERNAME]] General options: -d, --dbname=DBNAME database name to connect to (default: "omm") ...... -n, --no-libedit disable enhanced command line editing (libedit) ...... -r if this parameter is set,use libedit ...... -p, --port=PORT database server port (default: "5432") ......
然后实际连接:
gsql -r
#或 指明连接数据库具体情况
#gsql -d 数据库名 -p 端口 -r
gsql -d omm -p 5432 -r
omm@modb:~$ gsql -d omm -p 5432 -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=# \q omm@modb:~$ gsql -r gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr ) Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security) Type "help" for help. omm=#
2.查看数据库的版本、版权信息
数据库的版本查看:
select version();
show server\_version;
版权信息查看:
\copyright
omm=# select version();
version
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
(openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr on aarch64
-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by g++ (GCC) 7.3.0, 64-bit
(1 row)
omm=# show server_version;
server_version
----------------
9.2.4
(1 row)
omm=# \copyrightGaussDB Kernel Database Management System
Copyright (c) Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.
omm=#
3.常见元命令使用
--元命令\l显示openGauss数据库集簇中现有数据库。
omm=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------------------
omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
(4 rows)
postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
--元命令\conninfo显示会话的连接信息。
omm=# \conninfo
You are connected to database "omm" as user "omm" via socket in "/tmp" at port "5432".
--元命令\c [onnect] [DBNAME]连接/切换连接的数据库如:\c postgres。
omm=# \c postgres
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "omm".
--元命令\dg与\du命令都是显示openGauss数据库集簇中用户和角色信息。
openGauss=# \dg
List of roles
Role name | Attributes
| Member of
-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------+-----------
gaussdb | Sysadmin
| {}
omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatora
dmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {}
openGauss=# \du
List of roles
Role name | Attributes
| Member of
-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------+-----------
gaussdb | Sysadmin
| {}
omm | Sysadmin, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Administer audit, Monitoradmin, Operatora
dmin, Policyadmin, UseFT | {}
--元命令\db显示openGauss数据库集簇中表空间信息。
openGauss=# \db
List of tablespaces
Name | Owner | Location
------------+-------+----------
pg_default | omm |
pg_global | omm |
(2 rows)
--元命令\dn显示当前数据库现有数据库模式。
openGauss=# \dn
List of schemas
Name | Owner
-----------------+---------
blockchain | omm
cstore | omm
db4ai | omm
dbe_perf | omm
dbe_pldebugger | omm
dbe_pldeveloper | omm
gaussdb | gaussdb
pkg_service | omm
public | omm
snapshot | omm
sqladvisor | omm
(11 rows)
------------------------------
------------------------------
---表相关元命令,先创建表演示:--
--创建表
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE customer_t
openGauss-# ( c_customer_sk integer,
openGauss(# c_customer_id char(5),
openGauss(# c_first_name char(6),
openGauss(# c_last_name char(8)
openGauss(# ) ;
CREATE TABLE
--插入数据
openGauss=# INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES (3769, 5, 'Grace','White');
INSERT 0 1
--元命令\dt的作用是显示数据库中所有的表。
openGauss=# \dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
--------+------------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
public | customer_t | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(1 row)
--元命令\d TableName的作用是查看某个表的信息。
openGauss=# \d customer_t
Table "public.customer_t"
Column | Type | Modifiers
---------------+--------------+-----------
c_customer_sk | integer |
c_customer_id | character(5) |
c_first_name | character(6) |
c_last_name | character(8) |
--元命令\di IndexName的作用是查看某个索引的信息。
--我们先创建一个索引再查看:
openGauss=# create index idx_customer_id on customer_t(c_customer_id);
CREATE INDEX
openGauss=# \di
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Table | Storage
--------+-----------------+-------+-------+------------+---------
public | idx_customer_id | index | omm | customer_t |
(1 row)
--命令\pset以不同的方法显示表(是否有边框):
openGauss=# \pset border 2
Border style is 2.
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM customer_t;
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------+
| c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------+
| 3769 | 5 | Grace | White |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------+
(1 row)
--打开扩展表格式模式。
openGauss=# \x
Expanded display is on.
openGauss=# List of relations
+-[ RECORD 1 ]--------------+
| Schema | public |
| Name | idx_customer_id |
| Type | index |
| Owner | omm |
| Table | customer_t |
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM customer_t;
+-[ RECORD 1 ]--+----------+
| c_customer_sk | 3769 |
| c_customer_id | 5 |
| c_first_name | Grace |
| c_last_name | White |
+---------------+----------+
4.使用两种方法,连到postgres数据库中
连接数据库可以先进gsql终端在使用元命令\c连接postgres
omm=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges
-----------+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------------------
omm | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
postgres | omm | UTF8 | C | C |
template0 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
template1 | omm | UTF8 | C | C | =c/omm +
| | | | | omm=CTc/omm
(4 rows)
omm=# \c postgres
openGauss=# Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "omm".
openGauss=#
或直接gsql指定连接的数据库
omm@modb:~$ gsql -d postgres -p 5432 -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# \conninfo
You are connected to database "postgres" as user "omm" via socket in "/tmp" at port "5432".
5.测试gsql中的默认事务自动提交功能
--查看gsql中事务是否默认为自动提交
openGauss=# show AUTOCOMMIT;
autocommit
------------
on
(1 row)
--测试gsql中事务默认为自动提交功能
openGauss=# create table customer_new as select * from customer_t;
INSERT 0 1
openGauss=# \q
--重新登录后看到之前创建的表customer_new:
omm@modb:~$ gsql -d postgres -p 5432 -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# \dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
--------+--------------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
public | customer_new | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
public | customer_t | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(2 rows)
6.测试gsql中的事务手动提交功能
--测试gsql手动提交
--Opengauss默认执行完一条语句后,立即提交。可以关闭自动提交功能:\set AUTOCOMMIT off
--将会发现没有手动提交的任务没有自动保存, 即需要手动处理。
openGauss=# \dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
--------+--------------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
public | customer_new | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
public | customer_t | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(2 rows)
openGauss=# create table customer_new2 as select * from customer_t;
INSERT 0 1
openGauss=# \q
omm@modb:~$ gsql -d postgres -p 5432 -r
gsql ((openGauss 3.0.0 build 02c14696) compiled at 2022-04-01 18:12:00 commit 0 last mr )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.
openGauss=# \dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Storage
--------+--------------+-------+-------+----------------------------------
public | customer_new | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
public | customer_t | table | omm | {orientation=row,compression=no}
(2 rows)
openGauss=#
--测试回滚操作
openGauss=# \set AUTOCOMMIT off
--先为表customer_new插入一些数据
openGauss=# INSERT INTO customer_t (c_customer_sk, c_customer_id, c_first_name,c_last_name) VALUES
openGauss-# (6885, 1, 'Joes', 'Hunter'),
(4321, 2, 'Lily','Carter'),
openGauss-# openGauss-# (9527, 3, 'James', 'Cook'),
openGauss-# (9500, 4, 'Lucy', 'Baker');
INSERT 0 4
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
3769 | 5 | Grace | White
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(5 rows)
--查看表中数据
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
3769 | 5 | Grace | White
6885 | 1 | Joes | Hunter
4321 | 2 | Lily | Carter
9527 | 3 | James | Cook
9500 | 4 | Lucy | Baker
(5 rows)
--执行回滚
openGauss=# ROLLBACK;
--检查是否回滚成功
openGauss=# select * from customer_t;
openGauss=# c_customer_sk | c_customer_id | c_first_name | c_last_name
---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------
3769 | 5 | Grace | White
(1 row)
7.了解gsql相关帮助
系统命令行下
gsql --help 获取帮助:
omm@modb:~$ gsql --help gsql is the openGauss interactive terminal. Usage: gsql [OPTION]... [DBNAME [USERNAME]] General options: -c, --command=COMMAND run only single command (SQL or internal) and exit -d, --dbname=DBNAME database name to connect to (default: "omm") ......
进入psql终端后:
--\h获取和SQL语法有关的帮助信息
omm=# \h
Available help:
ABORT CREATE TABLE SUBPARTITION
ALTER APP WORKLOAD GROUP CREATE TABLESPACE
ALTER APP WORKLOAD GROUP MAPPING CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER AUDIT POLICY CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
......
--More--
--\? 获取和元命令有关的帮助信息
omm=# \?
General
\copyright show openGauss usage and distribution terms
\g [FILE] or ; execute query (and send results to file or |pipe)
\h(\help) [NAME] help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands
......
--More--
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