磁盘
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Disk settings
1.1 Parallelism 并行度 默认是1 在备份的时候只有1个服务进程处理备份任务
(依赖你的硬件,多个控制器,多CPU 就可以大于1的值,开启多个服务进程去去备份数据库，速度更快)
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default(缺省配置）
1.2 Disk Backup Location 备份结果放在哪里，默认没有设置。
如果没有指定到备份到什么地方，就会放在fast recovery area
记住一个命令：report schema
RMAN> report schema;
#查出备份数据库中控制文件记录的数据文件和临时文件的信息
List of Permanent Datafiles
===========================
File Size(MB) Tablespace RB segs Datafile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ------- ------------------------
1 680 SYSTEM *** +DATA/orcl/datafile/system.256.848188221
2 540 SYSAUX *** +DATA/orcl/datafile/sysaux.257.848188221
3 105 UNDOTBS1 *** +DATA/orcl/datafile/undotbs1.258.848188221
4 6 USERS *** +DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.848188223
5 100 EXAMPLE *** +DATA/orcl/datafile/example.265.848188499
6 10 TEST *** +DATA/test02.dbf
List of Temporary Files
=======================
File Size(MB) Tablespace Maxsize(MB) Tempfile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ----------- --------------------
1 29 TEMP 32767 +DATA/orcl/tempfile/temp.264.848188483
数据文件的编号和数据文件一一对应的。可以用4 表示：
+DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.848188223
backup datafile 4 ;
等价于
backup datafile '+DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.848188223'
先确认数据库在归档模式，如果不是，请设置为归档模式。
backup datafile 4 ; 没有指定备份到哪里去 就到默认路径FRA
RMAN> backup datafile 4 ;
Starting backup at 29-AUG-17
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog #你的RMAN备份信息存储在控制文件
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 #你备份结果是存储到disk
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=50 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2
channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=56 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00004 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.822001327 #对数据文件4做全备
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-AUG-17
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-AUG-17
piece handle=+FRA/orcl/backupset/2013_07_29/nnndf0_tag20130729t031744_0.261.822021465 tag=TAG20130729T031744 comment=NONE #备份的输出，也就是备份结果
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished backup at 29-AUG-17
从上可知，如果不做任何备份设置，默认是在快速恢复区FRA。
备份后检查：（下面查的是备份集）
list backup of datafile n #列出所有数据文件N的备份集
list backup of tablespace 表空间名
list backup of database 整个库
list backup of controifle ; 控制文件
list backup of spfile ; 参数文件
list backup of archivelog all ; 归档文件
.....
备份后检查：（下面查的是映像备份）
list copy of datafile n 列出数据文件4
list copy of tablespace 表空间名
list copy of database
list copy of controifle ;
.....
RMAN> list backup of datafile 4 ;
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3 Full 51.13M DISK 00:00:08 29-AUG-17
BP Key: 3 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140716T174903
Piece Name: +FRA/orcl/backupset/2017_08_29/nnndf0_tag20140716t174903_0.262.853091345
List of Datafiles in backup set 3
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
4 Full 3754109 29-AUG-17 +DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.853023133
到ASM去寻找备份集在哪
su - grid
asmcmd
cd +fra/orcl/BACKUPSET/2017_08_29
ls
nnndf0_tag20140716t174903_0.262.853091345
例如：要求保存备份到 /u01/app/oracle/backup （目录已存在）
mkdir u01/app/oracle/backup （注意oracle用户有读写权限）
RMAN> show all;
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCL are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/u01/app/oracle/backup/%U'; #修改这句
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f'; # default
注意：备份结果数据文件一定加上%U
CONFIGURE 永久配置，以后生效的
FORMAT 指定备份路径
命令：
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/u01/app/oracle/backup/%U';
%U --> Specifies a system-generated unique file name (default).
测试：
RMAN> backup datafile 4 ;
list backup of datafile 4 ;
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
5 Full 51.13M DISK 00:00:04 29-AUG-17
BP Key: 5 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140716T180402
Piece Name: u01/app/oracle/backup/06pdi9sj_1_1 结果产生唯一名字
List of Datafiles in backup set 5
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
4 Full 3755664 29-AUG-17 +DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.853023133
给备份集取个名字：（存储在ASM磁盘组，ASM自动管理，不能取名字）
结果存在文件系统可以取名字：数据名字+dbid +时间 +唯一的名字
数据名字-->%d
时间 -->%T
dbid--->%I
组合起来： %d_%T_%I_%U
修改：
RMAN> CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/u01/app/oracle/backup/%T_%d_%I_%U';
show all 看结果：
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/u01/app/oracle/backup/%d_%T_%I_%U';
测试：
已经修改的默认配置，要求所有的数据文件备份到/u01/app/oracle/backup/%T_%d_%I_%U
RMAN> backup datafile 4 ;
Starting backup at 29-AUG-17
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=25 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00004 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.853023133
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-AUG-17
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-AUG-17
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/backup/ORCL_20140716_1380804050_07pdia6j_1_1 tag=TAG20140716T180923 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished backup at 29-AUG-17
备份集一般建议在FRA里 --> 还原默认配置 --> clear还原默认配置
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK clear;
也可以在备份的时候手工指定备份路径，而不使用默认的设置。
在备份的时候手工指定备份到哪里去而不受参数影响 。
fromat 指定你的备份到哪里去 。
RMAN> backup datafile 4 format '/u01/app/oracle/datafile_4_%T_%d_%I';
参考文档：
Backup and Recovery Reference --> backup format
