本文通过简单易懂的业务场景,旨在提高大家的 SQL 水平。把文中所有的 SQL 全理解了,工作中遇到的各种 SQL 场景和面试中遇到的各种 SQL 问题都能灵活应对。文中所有的 SQL 都支持 Hive 语法,学会了 Hive 的 SQL,那么 MySQL 的 SQL 题也都可以 cover 住,下面的题目难度从简单到困难的都有。笔者在之前练习 SQL 过程中,发现了网上一些比较好的 SQL 题目,但是苦于好多博客提供的 SQL 可读性、规范性、执行效率并不高,因此才有了今天这篇博文,后续如果发现有可优化的的 SQL,笔者会持续更新本博文。
数据表介绍
学生表
create table study.student (
student_id string -- 学生编号
,name string -- 学生姓名
,birthday string -- 学生生日
,sex string -- 学生性别
)
stored as parquet
tblproperties("orc.compress"="snappy");
教师表
create table study.teacher (
teacher_id string -- 教师编号
,name string -- 教师姓名
)
stored as parquet
tblproperties("orc.compress"="snappy");
课程表
create table study.course (
course_id string -- 课程编号
,name string -- 课程名
,teacher_id string -- 课程对应的教师编号
)
stored as parquet
tblproperties("orc.compress"="snappy");
成绩表
create table study.score (
student_id string -- 学生编号
,course_id string -- 课程编号
,score int -- 对应的成绩
)
stored as parquet
tblproperties("orc.compress"="snappy");
答题时请注意:
这里认为课程可能是选修课,学生不一定学了所有课程
成绩表里的课程都应该在课程表里存在,而且每门课程都应该有对应的教师,且在教师表里可以找到
成绩表里的学生也应该在学生表里存在
下面的导入数据也是随机写的,读者也可以自己随机制造生成数据导入
导入数据
学生表
insert overwrite table study.student VALUES
('01' , '赵雷' , '1990-01-01' , '男'),
('02' , '钱电' , '1990-12-21' , '男'),
('03' , '孙风' , '1990-12-20' , '男'),
('04' , '李云' , '1990-12-06' , '男'),
('05' , '周梅' , '1991-12-01' , '女'),
('06' , '吴兰' , '1992-01-01' , '女'),
('07' , '郑竹' , '1989-01-01' , '女'),
('09' , '张三' , '2017-12-20' , '女'),
('10' , '李四' , '2017-12-25' , '女'),
('11' , '李四' , '2012-06-06' , '女'),
('12' , '赵六' , '2013-06-13' , '女'),
('13' , '孙七' , '2014-06-01' , '女');
教师表
insert overwrite table study.teacher VALUES
('01' , '张三'),
('02' , '李四'),
('03' , '王五');
课程表
insert overwrite table study.course VALUES
('01' , '语文' , '02'),
('02' , '数学' , '01'),
('03' , '英语' , '03');
成绩表
insert overwrite table study.score VALUES
('01' , '01' , 80),
('01' , '02' , 90),
('01' , '03' , 99),
('02' , '01' , 70),
('02' , '02' , 60),
('02' , '03' , 80),
('03' , '01' , 80),
('03' , '02' , 80),
('03' , '03' , 80),
('04' , '01' , 50),
('04' , '02' , 30),
('04' , '03' , 20),
('05' , '01' , 76),
('05' , '02' , 87),
('06' , '01' , 31),
('06' , '03' , 34),
('07' , '02' , 89),
('07' , '03' , 98);
练习题
查询所有教师的全部信息(教师编号和姓名)
输出所有学生中男生的全部信息
查询所有学生中男生的全部信息,按照生日排降序
查询所有学生的全部信息,先按照性别排序,再按照生日排降序
求出学生总数
查询学生中男生、女生人数
参加考试的学生中,查出每个学生的学生编号、选了几门课
检索至少选修三门课程的学生学号
查询存在不及格的课程编号
输出所有课程的课程编号、课程名、对应的教师姓名
求每门课程的学生人数及平均分,输出课程编号、对应学生人数、平均分
求每门课程的学生人数及平均分,输出课程名称、对应学生人数、平均分
查询同时学习" 01 "课程和" 02 "课程的学生编号及01和02课程分数
查询" 01 "课程比" 02 "课程成绩高的学生编号及01和02课程分数
查询" 01 "课程比" 02 "课程成绩高的学生姓名及01和02课程分数
查询选择了 "01"课程但没选择 "02"课程的学生姓名
查询学过 '张三' 老师课程的所有同学姓名、生日、性别
查询同时学习 "01"、"02"课程学生的学生编号以及"01"和"02"课程成绩
查询学习 "01"课程但没有学习 "02"课程学生的学生编号以及"01"课程成绩
查询学习 "02"课程但没有学习 "01"课程学生的学生编号以及"02"课程成绩
查询选课的同学的学生姓名、选课总数、所有课程的成绩总和、课程平均分
查询考试平均分大于 60 分同学的学生姓名、选课总数、所有课程的成绩总和、课程平均分,按照科目数排降序、科目数相同按照分数排降序
检索 "01" 课程分数小于 60 分的学生信息及"01" 课程分数,按照分数排降序
查询两门及其以上不及格课程的同学的姓名及其平均成绩
查询没有学全所有课程的同学的编号 (包含无选课的同学)
查询 1990 年出生的学生名单
查询名字中含有「风」字的学生信息
查询「李」姓老师的数量
查询至少有两门课与学号为" 01 "的学生所学相同的学生id
查询选修了全部课程的学生id的姓名和姓名
查询和" 01 "号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学的学生id
统计各科成绩各分数段人数:课程编号,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[60-0] 及所占百分比
查询学生的总成绩,并进行排名
查询各科成绩前三名的记录
查询出只选修两门课程的学生学号和姓名
查询每门课程的平均成绩,结果按平均成绩降序排列,平均成绩相同时,按课程编号升序排列
查询平均成绩大于等于 85 的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
查询课程名称为「数学」,且分数低于 60 的学生姓名和分数
查询课程编号为 01 且课程成绩在 80 分及以上的学生的学号和姓名
查询选修「张三」老师所授课程的学生中,成绩最高的学生编号、课程编号及其成绩
统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过 5 人的课程才统计)。
查询该学生有不同课程但成绩相同的学生编号、课程编号、学生成绩
答案(请大家先独立思考后,再参考答案)
查询所有教师的全部信息(教师编号和姓名)
select *
from study.teacher
;输出所有学生中男生的全部信息
select *
from study.student
where sex = '男'
;查询所有学生中男生的全部信息,按照生日排降序
select *
from study.student
where sex = '男'
order by birthday desc
;查询所有学生的全部信息,先按照性别排序,再按照生日排降序
select *
from study.student
order by sex
,birthday desc
;求出学生总数
select count(*)
from study.student
;查询学生中男生、女生人数
select sex
,count(*)
from study.student
group by sex参加考试的学生中,查出每个学生的学生编号、选了几门课
select student_id
,count(*) as course_count
from study.score
group by student_id
;检索至少选修三门课程的学生学号
select student_id
,count(*) as course_num
from score
group by student_id
having course_num >= 3
;查询存在不及格的课程编号
-- 写法一
select distinct course_id
from score
where score < 60
-- 写法二
select course_id
from score
where score< 60
group by course_id输出所有课程的课程编号、课程名、对应的教师姓名
select course_id
,a.name as course_name
,b.name as teacher_name
from
(
select course_id
,name
,teacher_id
from study.course
) a
join
(
select teacher_id
,name
from study.teacher
) b
on a.teacher_id = b.teacher_id求每门课程的学生人数及平均分,输出课程编号、对应学生人数、平均分
select course_id
,count(*) as student_count
,avg(score) as avg_score
from score
group by course_id求每门课程的学生人数及平均分,输出课程名称、对应学生人数、平均分
select name
,student_count
,avg(score) as avg_score
from
(
select *
from study.course
) a
join
(
select course_id
,count(*) as student_count
from score
group by course_id
) b
on a.course_id = b.course_id查询同时学习" 01 "课程和" 02 "课程的学生编号及01和02课程分数
select a.student_id
,a.score as score_01
,b.score as score_02
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id;查询" 01 "课程比" 02 "课程成绩高的学生编号及01和02课程分数
select a.student_id
,a.score as score_01
,b.score as score_02
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where a.score > b.score查询" 01 "课程比" 02 "课程成绩高的学生姓名及01和02课程分数
select name
,score_01
,score_02
from
(
select *
from student
) a
join
(
select a.student_id
,a.score as score_01
,b.score as score_02
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where a.score > b.score
) b
on a.student_id=b.student_id连续三道题都是有关联的,前两道题给这道题做铺垫,所以当我们拿到一个向这种比较复杂的需求时,可以进行拆分需求,先拆分成1、在做2,最后达到完整的需求
查询选择了 "01"课程但没选择 "02"课程的学生姓名
-- 找出选择了 "01"课程但没选择 "02"课程的学生编号
select a.student_id
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
left outer join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where b.student_id is null-- 拿着学生编号关联学生表找到姓名
select name
from
(
select a.student_id as student_id
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
left outer join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where b.student_id is null
) a
join
(
select *
from student
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id首先我们先找出选择了 "01"课程但没选择 "02"课程的学生编号,再拿着学生编号关联学生表找到姓名即可
查询学过 '张三' 老师课程的所有同学姓名、生日、性别
select name
,birthday
,sex
from
(
select student_id
from
(
select course_id
from
(
select teacher_id
from teacher
where name='张三'
) a
join
(
select course_id
,teacher_id
from course
) b
on a.teacher_id = b.teacher_id
) a
join
(
select student_id
,course_id
from score
) b
on a.course_id = b.course_id
group by student_id
) a
join
(
select *
from student
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id找出 '张三' 老师的教师编号
找出 '张三' 老师所有教授的课程编号
找出这些课程对应的学生编号
根据学生编号找到对应的学生信息
解题思路
根据上述四个步骤,依次书写 SQL
查询同时学习 "01"、"02"课程学生的学生编号以及"01"和"02"课程成绩
select a.student_id as student_id
,a.score as score_01
,b.score as score_02
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id;查询学习 "01"课程但没有学习 "02"课程学生的学生编号以及"01"课程成绩
select a.student_id as student_id
,a.score as score_01
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
left outer join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where b.student_id is null查询学习 "02"课程但没有学习 "01"课程学生的学生编号以及"02"课程成绩
select b.student_id as student_id
,b.score as score_02
from
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '01'
) a
right outer join
(
select *
from score
where course_id = '02'
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where a.student_id is null查询选课的同学的学生姓名、选课总数、所有课程的成绩总和、课程平均分
select a.name as name
,course_num
,score_sum
,score_avg
from
(
select student_id
,name
from student
) a
join
(
select student_id
,count(course_id) as course_num
,sum(score) as score_sum
,avg(score) as score_avg
from score
group by student_id
) b
on a.student_id=b.student_id
order by course_num desc
,score_sum desc查询考试平均分大于 60 分同学的学生姓名、选课总数、所有课程的成绩总和、课程平均分,按照科目数排降序、科目数相同按照分数排降序
select a.name as name
,course_num
,score_sum
,score_avg
from
(
select student_id
,name
from student
) a
join
(
select student_id
,count(course_id) as course_num
,sum(score) as score_sum
,avg(score) as score_avg
from score
group by student_id
) b
on a.student_id=b.student_id
where score_avg > 60
order by course_num desc
,score_sum desc检索 "01" 课程分数小于 60 分的学生信息及"01" 课程分数,按照分数排降序
select a.student_id as student_id
,name
,birthday
,sex
,score
from
(
select *
from student
) a
join
(
select student_id
,score
from score
where course_id='01'
and score < 60
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
order by score desc查询两门及其以上不及格课程的同学的姓名及其平均成绩
select name
,score_avg
from
(
select *
from student
) a
join
(
select student_id
,score_avg
from
(
select student_id
,avg(score) as score_avg
,count(case when score < 60 then 1 end) as fail_count
from score
group by student_id
) a
where fail_count > 1
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
;查询没有学全所有课程的同学的编号 (包含无选课的同学)
-在成绩表中找出不满足课程总数的学生id -找出学生表中无成绩的学生id -二者之和
select b.student_id
(
select count(*) as course_num
from score
) a
join
(
select student_id
,count(*) as course_num
from score
) b
on a.course_num = b.course_num
union
(
select a.student_id
from
(
select *
from student
) a
left join
(
select *
from score
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
where course_id is null
) b查询 1990 年出生的学生名单
select *
from student
where substr(birthday,1,4)='1990'查询名字中含有「风」字的学生信息
select *
from student
where name like '%风%'查询「李」姓老师的数量
select count(*)
from teacher
where name like '李%'查询至少有两门课与学号为" 01 "的学生所学相同的学生id
select a.student_id
from
(
select b.student_id as student_id
,b.course_id as course_id
from
(
select course_id
from score
where student_id='01'
) a
join
(
select student_id
,course_id
from score
where student_id <> '01'
) b
on a.course_id = b.course_id
) a
group by a.student_id
having count(course_id)>1;查询选修了全部课程的学生id的姓名和姓名
select b.student_id as student_id
,b.name as name
,a.course_num as course_num
from
(
select student_id
,a.course_num as course_num
from
(
select student_id
,count(course_id) as course_num
from course
) a
join
(
select student_id
,count(*) as course_num
from score
group by student_id
) b
on a.course_num = b.course_num
) a
join
(
select *
from student
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id查询和" 01 "号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学的学生id
select student_id
from
(
select student_id
,count(course_id) as course_num
from
(
select student_id
,course_id
from score
where student_id <> '01'
and course_id in (
select course_id
from score
where student_id = '01'
)
) a
group by student_id
) a
join
(
select count(course_id) as course_num
from score
where student_id = '01'
) b
on a.course_num = b.course_num
join
(
select student_id
,count(*) as num_course
from score
group by student_id
) c
on a.course_num = c.course_num先选出‘01’同学所学的课程id
然后选出学过这些课程id的学生id及其选过这些课程数的课程总数
匹配“01”同学学的课程总数(存在某同学学的课程超过“01”同学学的课程)
匹配成绩表中学生的课程总数
统计各科成绩各分数段人数:课程编号,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[60-0] 及所占百分比
-根据课程号在成绩表中查询分数段的个数除以该学习该课程的总数
select a.course_id as course_id
,b.name as name
,round(sum(case when score > 85 then 1 else 0 end)/count(*),2) as '100-85'
,round(sum(case when score between 70 and 84 then 1 else 0 end)/count(*),2) as '85-70'
,round(sum(case when score between 60 and 69 then 1 else 0 end)/count(*),2) as '70-60'
,round(sum(case when score < 60 then 1 else 0 end)/count(*),2) as '60-0'
from
(
select course_id
,score
from score
) a
join
(
select course_id
,name
from course
) b
on a.course_id = b.course_id
group by a.course_id
,b.name查询学生的总成绩,并进行排名
select student_id
,sum(score) score_sum
,row_number() over(order by sum(score) desc) as rank
from score
group by student_id查询各科成绩前三名的记录
select *
from(
select *
,row_number() over(partition by course_id order by score desc) as rank
from score
) a
where rank <= 3查询出只选修两门课程的学生学号和姓名
select a.student_id as student_id
,a.name as name
from
(
select student_id
,name
from student
) a
join
(
select student_id
from score
group by student_id
having count(course_id) = 2
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id;查询每门课程的平均成绩,结果按平均成绩降序排列,平均成绩相同时,按课程编号升序排列
select course_id
,avg(score) as score_avg
from score
order by score_avg desc
,course_id asc查询平均成绩大于等于 85 的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
select a.student_id as student_id
,a.name as name
,b.score_avg
from
(
select student_id
,name
from student
) a
join
(
select student_id
,avg(score) as score_avg
from score
group by student_id
having avg(score) >= 85
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id查询课程名称为「数学」,且分数低于 60 的学生姓名和分数
select name
,score
from
(
select student_id
,score
from
(
select course_id
from course
where name = '数学'
) a
join
(
select student_id
,course_id
,score
from score
where score < 60
) b
on a.course_id = b.course_id
) a
join
(
select student_id
,name
from student
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id查询课程编号为 01 且课程成绩在 80 分及以上的学生的学号和姓名
select a.student_id as student_id
,name
from
(
select student_id
from score
where course_id = '01'
and score >= 80
) a
join
(
select student_id
,name
from student
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id查询选修「张三」老师所授课程的学生中,成绩最高的学生编号、课程编号及其成绩
select student_id
,a.course_id as course_id
,score
from
(
select course_id
from
(
select course_id
,teacher_id
from course
) a
join
(
select teacher_id
from teacher
where name = '张三'
) b
on a.teacher_id = b.teacher_id
) a
join
(
select student_id
,course_id
,score
from score
) b
on a.course_id = b.course_id
order by score desc
limit 1
;统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过 5 人的课程才统计)。
select a.course_id as course_id
,b.name
,a.num as num
from
(
select course_id
,count(*) as num
from score
group by course_id
having count(*) >= 5
) a
join
(
select course_id
,name
from course
) b
on a.course_id =b.course_id查询该学生有不同课程但成绩相同的学生编号、课程编号、学生成绩
select a.student_id as student_id
,a.course_id as course_id
,a.score as score
from
(
select student_id
,course_id
,score
from score
) a
join
(
select student_id
,course_id
,score
from score
) b
on a.student_id = b.student_id
and a.score = b.score
and a.course_id <> b.course_id
group by student_id
,course_id
,score
引用:
50道SQL练习题及答案与详细分析




