列表是可变的。创建后可以对其进行修改。 元组是不可变的。元组一旦创建，就不能对其进行更改。 列表表示的是顺序。它们是有序序列，通常是同一类型的对象。比如说按创建日期排序的所有用户名，如["Seth", "Ema", "Eli"]。 元组表示的是结构。可以用来存储不同数据类型的元素。比如内存中的数据库记录，如(2, "Ema", "2020–04–16")（#id, 名称,创建日期）。
name = 'Chris'# 1. f stringsprint(f'Hello {name}')# 2. % operatorprint('Hey %s %s' % (name, name))# 3. formatprint("My name is {}".format((name)))
a = [1,2,3]b = ac = [1,2,3]
print(a == b)print(a == c)#=> True#=> True
print(a is b)print(a is c)#=> True#=> False
print(id(a))print(id(b))print(id(c))#=> 4369567560#=> 4369567560#=> 4369567624
def logging(func):def log_function_called():print(f'{func} called.')func()return log_function_called
def my_name():print('chris')def friends_name():print('naruto')my_name()friends_name()#=> chris#=> naruto
@loggingdef my_name():print('chris')@loggingdef friends_name():print('naruto')my_name()friends_name()#=> <function my_name at 0x10fca5a60> called.#=> chris#=> <function friends_name at 0x10fca5f28> called.#=> naruto
[i for i in range(10)]#=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[i for i in range(2,10)]#=> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[i for i in range(2,10,2)]#=> [2, 4, 6, 8]
class Car :def __init__(self, color, speed):self.color = colorself.speed = speedcar = Car('red','100mph')car.speed#=> '100mph'
class CoffeeShop:specialty = 'espresso'def __init__(self, coffee_price):self.coffee_price = coffee_price# instance methoddef make_coffee(self):print(f'Making {self.specialty} for ${self.coffee_price}')# static method@staticmethoddef check_weather():print('Its sunny') # class method@classmethoddef change_specialty(cls, specialty):cls.specialty = specialtyprint(f'Specialty changed to {specialty}')
coffee_shop = CoffeeShop('5')coffee_shop.make_coffee()#=> Making espresso for $5
coffee_shop.check_weather()#=> Its sunny
coffee_shop.change_specialty('drip coffee')#=> Specialty changed to drip coffeecoffee_shop.make_coffee()#=> Making drip coffee for $5
def func():print('Im a function')func#=> function __main__.func>func()#=> Im a function
def add_three(x):return x + 3li = [1,2,3][i for i in map(add_three, li)]#=> [4, 5, 6]
from functools import reducedef add_three(x,y):return x + yli = [1,2,3,5]reduce(add_three, li)#=> 11
def add_three(x):if x % 2 == 0:return Trueelse:return Falseli = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8][i for i in filter(add_three, li)]#=> [2, 4, 6, 8]
name = 'chr'def add_chars(s):s += 'is'print(s)add_chars(name)print(name)#=> chris#=> chr
li = [1,2]def add_element(seq):seq.append(3)print(seq)add_element(li)print(li)#=> [1, 2, 3]#=> [1, 2, 3]
li = ['a','b','c']print(li)li.reverse()print(li)#=> ['a', 'b', 'c']#=> ['c', 'b', 'a']
'cat' * 3#=> 'catcatcat'
[1,2,3] * 2#=> [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
class Shirt:def __init__(self, color):self.color = colors = Shirt('yellow')s.color#=> 'yellow'
a = [1,2]b = [3,4,5]a + b#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
li1 = [['a'],['b'],['c']]li2 = li1li1.append(['d'])print(li2)#=> [['a'], ['b'], ['c'], ['d']]
li3 = [['a'],['b'],['c']]li4 = list(li3)li3.append([4])print(li4)#=> [['a'], ['b'], ['c']]li3[0][0] = ['X']print(li4)#=> [[['X']], ['b'], ['c']]
import copyli5 = [['a'],['b'],['c']]li6 = copy.deepcopy(li5)li5.append([4])li5[0][0] = ['X']print(li6)#=> [['a'], ['b'], ['c']]
列表存在于python的标准库中。数组由Numpy定义。 列表可以在每个索引处填充不同类型的数据。数组需要同构元素。 列表上的算术运算可从列表中添加或删除元素。数组上的算术运算按照线性代数方式工作。 列表还使用更少的内存，并显著具有更多的功能。
import numpy as npa = np.array([1,2,3])b = np.array([4,5,6])np.concatenate((a,b))#=> array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
a = 5.12345round(a,3)#=> 5.123
a = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]print(a[:2])#=> [0, 1]print(a[8:])#=> [8, 9]print(a[2:8])#=> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]print(a[2:8:2])#=> [2, 4, 6]
import pickleobj = [{'id':1, 'name':'Stuffy'},{'id':2, 'name': 'Fluffy'}]with open('file.p', 'wb') as f:pickle.dump(obj, f)with open('file.p', 'rb') as f:loaded_obj = pickle.load(f)print(loaded_obj)#=> [{'id': 1, 'name': 'Stuffy'}, {'id': 2, 'name': 'Fluffy'}]
a = [False, False, False]b = [True, False, False]c = [True, True, True]print( any(a) )print( any(b) )print( any(c) )#=> False#=> True#=> Trueprint( all(a) )print( all(b) )print( all(c) )#=> False#=> False#=> True
import sklearn
from sklearn import cross_validation
value = 5value += 1print(value)#=> 6value -= 1value -= 1print(value)#=> 4
bin(5)#=> '0b101'
a = [1,1,1,2,3]a = list(set(a))print(a)#=> [1, 2, 3]
'a' in ['a','b','c']#=> True'a' in [1,2,3]#=> False
a = [1,2,3]b = [1,2,3]a.append(6)print(a)#=> [1, 2, 3, 6]b.extend([4,5])print(b)#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
abs(2#=> 2abs(-2)#=> 2
a = ['a','b','c']b = [1,2,3][(k,v) for k,v in zip(a,b)]#=> [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
d = {'c':3, 'd':4, 'b':2, 'a':1}sorted(d.items())#=> [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
class Car():def drive(self):print('vroom')class Audi(Car):passaudi = Audi()audi.drive()
s = 'A string with white space'''.join(s.split())#=> 'Astringwithwhitespace'
li = ['a','b','c','d','e']for idx,val in enumerate(li):print(idx, val)#=> 0 a#=> 1 b#=> 2 c#=> 3 d#=> 4 e
a = [1,2,3,4,5]for i in a:if i > 3:passprint(i)#=> 1#=> 2#=> 3#=> 4#=> 5
for i in a:if i < 3:continueprint(i)#=> 3#=> 4#=> 5
for i in a:if i == 3:breakprint(i)#=> 1#=> 2
a = [1,2,3,4,5]a2 = []for i in a:a2.append(i + 1)print(a2)#=> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
a3 = [i+1 for i in a]print(a3)#=> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
x = 5y = 10'greater' if x > 6 else 'less'#=> 'less''greater' if y > 6 else 'less'#=> 'greater'
'123abc...'.isalnum()#=> False'123abc'.isalnum()#=> True
'123a'.isalpha()#=> False'a'.isalpha()#=> True
'123abc...'.isalnum()#=> False'123abc'.isalnum()#=> True
49. 从字典返回键列表
d = {'id':7, 'name':'Shiba', 'color':'brown', 'speed':'very slow'}list(d)#=> ['id', 'name', 'color', 'speed']
small_word = 'potatocake'big_word = 'FISHCAKE'small_word.upper()#=> 'POTATOCAKE'big_word.lower()#=> 'fishcake'
li = ['a','b','c','d']li.remove('b')li#=> ['a', 'c', 'd']
li = ['a','b','c','d']del li[0]li#=> ['b', 'c', 'd']
li = ['a','b','c','d']li.pop(2)#=> 'c'li#=> ['a', 'b', 'd']
# creating a list of lettersimport stringlist(string.ascii_lowercase)alphabet = list(string.ascii_lowercase)# list comprehensiond = {val:idx for idx,val in enumerate(alphabet)}d#=> {'a': 0,#=> 'b': 1,#=> 'c': 2,#=> ...#=> 'x': 23,#=> 'y': 24,#=> 'z': 25}
try:# try to do thisexcept:# if try block fails then do thisfinally:# always do this
try:val = 1 + 'A'except:val = 10finally:print('complete')print(val)#=> complete#=> 10
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