05 【C-三百万】ChatGPT_in_Developing_Economies.pdf

Zixin Huo

181

4页

0次

2023-10-18

25墨值下载

EDITOR: Nir Kshetri, nbkshetr@uncg.edu

DEPARTMENT: IT ECONOMICS

ChatGPT in Developing Economies

Nir Kshetri , University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA

ChatGPT is diffusing rapidly not only in developed countries but also in developing

countries. Here, we evaluate the usefulness and limitations of ChatGPT in the context of

the developing world.

he large language model chatbot developed by

OpenAI ChatGPT, which was released on 30

November 2022, has become popular not only

in developed countries but also in developing countries.

An analysis of more than 10,000 tweets from ChatGPT

users from 5 December 2022, to 7 December 2022 indi-

cated that early ChatGPT adopters were from developed

nations of North America and Western Europe as well as

developing nations in Asia and South America. The analy-

sis also found that India was among the top ﬁve countries

in terms of the number of tweets from ChatGPT users.

As of early February 2023, ChatGPT was in OpenAI’s

feedback period , which means anyone can create a

ChatGPT account and use it. The free availability of

this tool has driven a rapid early growth rate in its user

base, especially in the developing world.

Additionally, some businesses are planning to incor-

porate ChatGPT into their products, which is likely to

further accelerate the use of this tool. For instance, in

January 2023, Microsoft, which is one of the backers of

OpenAI, announced that it would roll out its Azure

OpenAI service, which makes it possible for enterprises

to integrate tools such as DALL-E into their cloud apps.

The plan is to widen access to include ChatGPT

(https://tinyurl.com/546yph4c). Since Microsoft Azure

is used by businesses to power a wide variety of appli-

cations, advanced enterprise use cases of ChatGPT

are likely to build on Azure. Businesses all over the

world are likely to beneﬁtfromtheseusecasesince

Azure is available in 140 countries, which includes many

developing countries (https://www.syvantis.com/infor-

mation-and-resources/what-is-microsoft-azure). More-

over, Microsoft Azure operates many physical data

centers in developing countries (https://dgtlinfra.com/

microsoft- azure -data- center -loca tions/ ) which can help

deliver a better user experience. For instance, Microsoft

launched its South African Azure region in 2019

(https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cloud-hosting/475413-

cloud-explosion-in-south-africa.html). Likewise,Liquid

Telecom Kenya has launched Azure Stack service in East

Africa. The service is hosted in Kenya and Tanzania. Azure

users would beneﬁt from Microsoft ’ssecurityprotocols

developedandrunonitscloudplatforms.(https://www.the-

freelibrary.com/Saferþdataþahoy%3A þLiquidþTelecomþ

launchesþMicrosoftþAzureþcloud … -a0585771529). The

incorporation of ChatGPT can further increase such ben-

eﬁts provided by Azure.

All this means that users in developing countries

are also likely to beneﬁt from enterprise use cases of

ChatGPT that are likely to build on Azure. Moreover,

Microsoft noted that it is making new artiﬁcial intelli-

gence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT more accessible so

that users with fewer resources can beneﬁt.

In a short time following its release, a vast number

of ChatGPT business use cases have already emerged.

Some of these use cases are even more useful for

the developing world. ChatGPT can also play the role

of a social transformation tool. For instanc e, it can pro-

vide access to educational materials and resources in

villages.

Some early evidence suggests that ChatGPT

also has the potential to improve access to health care

in the developing world.

Considering these observations, this article analy-

ses the beneﬁts and opportunities that ChatGPT can

provide to developing countries. It also highlights sev-

eral barriers and challenges that these countries are

likely to experience in implementing this tool.

BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES

As noted previously, ChatGPT is diffusing rapidly in

developing countries. Moreover, consistent with the

trend of multinational corporations’ transfer of tech-

nologies to their foreign subsidiaries, Microsoft is plan-

ning to incorporate ChatGPT into Azure cloud services.

This means that Azure users in developing countries

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/MITP.2023.3254639

Date of current version 5 May 2023.

16 IT Professional Published by the IEEE Computer Society March/April 2023

Authorized licensed use limited to: Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology CAS. Downloaded on October 11,2023 at 14:30:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

will have access to ChatGPT. This tool can offer several

beneﬁts and opportunities to the developing world.

Access to Information and Resources

A potential practical beneﬁt of ChatGPT is to reduce

and overcome government opacity. This beneﬁtis

especially important for many developing countries

that suffer from opaque governance systems. In a

demo of a use case developed in India, ChatGPT

helped a rural farmer access an opaque government

program online.

The farmer could speak only a local

dialect. When they expressed a complex thought in

speech in a local language, it was translated and inter-

preted by a bot. Initially the farmer was instructed to

go to a portal to access the program. The ChatGPT

then went to the portal and did it for them when the

farmer asked it to do so. All this was possible since a

developer had taken GPT and trained it using all docu-

ments of the government of India. And speech recogni-

tion software was also incorporated in the system.

Expansion of Health-Care Services

Four billion people in the world lack access to basic

health services (https://www.who.int/news/item/13-12-

2017-world-bank-and-who-half-the-world-lacks-access-

to-essential-health-services-100-million-still-pushed-

into-extreme-poverty-because-of-health-expenses). The

global shortfall in health workers is expected to exceed

12.9 million by 2035 (https://news.un.org/en/st ory/2013/11/

455122#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20World%20-

Health,curren t%20deﬁcit%20of%207.2%20million). AI has

already helped to address this shortfall in some develop-

ing countr ies. For ins tance, as early as in May 2020,

Germany-based Ada Health’s chatbot symptom checker

app had attracted 9 million users worldwide, including

3 million in developing countries.

While AI has already been a transformative force to

expand health-care services in some developing coun-

tries,

ChatGPTisexpectedtohaveanevenmorepow-

erful impact. ChatGPT has demonstrated the ability to

answer medical questions. In an experiment, ChatGPT

showed "moderate accuracy" on the United States

Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE). The US MLE con s i s t s

of three exams. ChatGPT was reported to perform “at or

near the passing threshold for all three exams without

any specialized training or reinforcement.”

This abil ity

can help in clinical decision-making by providing accu-

rate diagnoses (https://tinyurl.com/342h72yw). It can

also assist with medical education and improve the

health-care options available to marginalized popula-

tions in rural areas. This could reduce costs and improve

access to health-care services for these groups.

In order to illustrate how ChatGPT can potentially

improve health care accessibility and effectiveness, we

consider mental health-related challenges facing the

developing world. About 100 million people suffer from

clinical depression in Africa, which includes 66 million

women (https://www.wefo rum.org/agenda/2021/08/

4-facts-mental-health-africa/). There are only 1.4 men-

tal health workers per 100,000 people in the continent

compared with a global averag e of nine per 100,000

(https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/

PIIS2214-109X(18)30303-6/fulltext). Mental, neurological

and substance use disorders are estimated to cost the

world between $2.5-8.5 trillion dollars annually (https://

www.worldbank.org/en/topic/universalhealthcoverage).

In this regard, it is encouraging to note that ChatGPT

has already been used to provide mental health services.

On 6 January 2023, not-for-proﬁt online mental health

services Koko cofounder Robert Morris announced on

Twitter that Koko had “provided mental health support

to about 4000 people—using GPT-3.” (https://twitter .

com/RobertRMorris/status/1611450197707464706).

Starting and Successfully Operating

a Business

The developing world’s entrepreneurial performance

has been weak.

Insufﬁcient management skills, the

lack of expertise in functional areas such as marketing,

human resources, and ﬁnance are among the major

challenges facing small- and medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs) in developing countries.

ChatGPT has the

potential to overcome these challenges. While genera-

tive AI models, such as DALLE 2 or ChatGPT are in the

early days of scaling, they are expected to have a wide

range of business applications. For instance, ChatGPT

gives advice on how to start a business (https://www.

businessinsider.com/chagpt-cant-start-a-business-for-

you-startup-steps-2023-1).

Most ﬁrms in developing countries, especially SMEs,

lack expertise and resources to develop effective mar-

keting strategies.

ChatGPT can increase the success

of these ﬁrms’ marketing activities by helping craft per-

sonalized content, which is more likely to attract cus-

tomer attention drive engagement and increase trafﬁc

to companies’ websites and social media channels

(https://www.markettailor.io/blog/how-businesses-can-

use-chatgpt-for-content-marketing).

In operations, generative AI models such as ChatGPT

can be used to generate a given activity’s task lists

for efﬁcient execution.

In IT and engineering areas,

ChatGPT can be used to write, document, and review

code.

Some have estimated that 80% of codes will be

generated by computers in the future. It was reported

that a programmer improved productivity by 80% by

using Cha tGPT to hel p write be tter code faster.

This

aspect is especially relevant to developing countries that

are facing a shortage of professional knowledge workers

IT ECONOMICS

March/April 2023 IT Professional 17

Authorized licensed use limited to: Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology CAS. Downloaded on October 11,2023 at 14:30:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

EDITOR: Nir Kshetri, nbkshetr@uncg.edu

DEPARTMENT: IT ECONOMICS

ChatGPT in Developing Economies

Nir Kshetri , University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA

ChatGPT is diffusing rapidly not only in developed countries but also in developing

countries. Here, we evaluate the usefulness and limitations of ChatGPT in the context of

the developing world.

he large language model chatbot developed by

OpenAI ChatGPT, which was released on 30

November 2022, has become popular not only

in developed countries but also in developing countries.

An analysis of more than 10,000 tweets from ChatGPT

users from 5 December 2022, to 7 December 2022 indi-

cated that early ChatGPT adopters were from developed

nations of North America and Western Europe as well as

developing nations in Asia and South America. The analy-

sis also found that India was among the top ﬁve countries

in terms of the number of tweets from ChatGPT users.

As of early February 2023, ChatGPT was in OpenAI’s

feedback period , which means anyone can create a

ChatGPT account and use it. The free availability of

this tool has driven a rapid early growth rate in its user

base, especially in the developing world.

Additionally, some businesses are planning to incor-

porate ChatGPT into their products, which is likely to

further accelerate the use of this tool. For instance, in

January 2023, Microsoft, which is one of the backers of

OpenAI, announced that it would roll out its Azure

OpenAI service, which makes it possible for enterprises

to integrate tools such as DALL-E into their cloud apps.

The plan is to widen access to include ChatGPT

(https://tinyurl.com/546yph4c). Since Microsoft Azure

is used by businesses to power a wide variety of appli-

cations, advanced enterprise use cases of ChatGPT

are likely to build on Azure. Businesses all over the

world are likely to beneﬁtfromtheseusecasesince

Azure is available in 140 countries, which includes many

developing countries (https://www.syvantis.com/infor-

mation-and-resources/what-is-microsoft-azure). More-

over, Microsoft Azure operates many physical data

centers in developing countries (https://dgtlinfra.com/

microsoft- azure -data- center -loca tions/ ) which can help

deliver a better user experience. For instance, Microsoft

launched its South African Azure region in 2019

(https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cloud-hosting/475413-

cloud-explosion-in-south-africa.html). Likewise,Liquid

Telecom Kenya has launched Azure Stack service in East

Africa. The service is hosted in Kenya and Tanzania. Azure

users would beneﬁt from Microsoft ’ssecurityprotocols

developedandrunonitscloudplatforms.(https://www.the-

freelibrary.com/Saferþdataþahoy%3A þLiquidþTelecomþ

launchesþMicrosoftþAzureþcloud … -a0585771529). The

incorporation of ChatGPT can further increase such ben-

eﬁts provided by Azure.

All this means that users in developing countries

are also likely to beneﬁt from enterprise use cases of

ChatGPT that are likely to build on Azure. Moreover,

Microsoft noted that it is making new artiﬁcial intelli-

gence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT more accessible so

that users with fewer resources can beneﬁt.

In a short time following its release, a vast number

of ChatGPT business use cases have already emerged.

Some of these use cases are even more useful for

the developing world. ChatGPT can also play the role

of a social transformation tool. For instanc e, it can pro-

vide access to educational materials and resources in

villages.

Some early evidence suggests that ChatGPT

also has the potential to improve access to health care

in the developing world.

Considering these observations, this article analy-

ses the beneﬁts and opportunities that ChatGPT can

provide to developing countries. It also highlights sev-

eral barriers and challenges that these countries are

likely to experience in implementing this tool.

BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES

As noted previously, ChatGPT is diffusing rapidly in

developing countries. Moreover, consistent with the

trend of multinational corporations’ transfer of tech-

nologies to their foreign subsidiaries, Microsoft is plan-

ning to incorporate ChatGPT into Azure cloud services.

This means that Azure users in developing countries

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/MITP.2023.3254639

Date of current version 5 May 2023.

16 IT Professional Published by the IEEE Computer Society March/April 2023

Authorized licensed use limited to: Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology CAS. Downloaded on October 11,2023 at 14:30:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

will have access to ChatGPT. This tool can offer several

beneﬁts and opportunities to the developing world.

Access to Information and Resources

A potential practical beneﬁt of ChatGPT is to reduce

and overcome government opacity. This beneﬁtis

especially important for many developing countries

that suffer from opaque governance systems. In a

demo of a use case developed in India, ChatGPT

helped a rural farmer access an opaque government

program online.

The farmer could speak only a local

dialect. When they expressed a complex thought in

speech in a local language, it was translated and inter-

preted by a bot. Initially the farmer was instructed to

go to a portal to access the program. The ChatGPT

then went to the portal and did it for them when the

farmer asked it to do so. All this was possible since a

developer had taken GPT and trained it using all docu-

ments of the government of India. And speech recogni-

tion software was also incorporated in the system.

Expansion of Health-Care Services

Four billion people in the world lack access to basic

health services (https://www.who.int/news/item/13-12-

2017-world-bank-and-who-half-the-world-lacks-access-

to-essential-health-services-100-million-still-pushed-

into-extreme-poverty-because-of-health-expenses). The

global shortfall in health workers is expected to exceed

12.9 million by 2035 (https://news.un.org/en/st ory/2013/11/

455122#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20World%20-

Health,curren t%20deﬁcit%20of%207.2%20million). AI has

already helped to address this shortfall in some develop-

ing countr ies. For ins tance, as early as in May 2020,

Germany-based Ada Health’s chatbot symptom checker

app had attracted 9 million users worldwide, including

3 million in developing countries.

While AI has already been a transformative force to

expand health-care services in some developing coun-

tries,

ChatGPTisexpectedtohaveanevenmorepow-

erful impact. ChatGPT has demonstrated the ability to

answer medical questions. In an experiment, ChatGPT

showed "moderate accuracy" on the United States

Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE). The US MLE con s i s t s

of three exams. ChatGPT was reported to perform “at or

near the passing threshold for all three exams without

any specialized training or reinforcement.”

This abil ity

can help in clinical decision-making by providing accu-

rate diagnoses (https://tinyurl.com/342h72yw). It can

also assist with medical education and improve the

health-care options available to marginalized popula-

tions in rural areas. This could reduce costs and improve

access to health-care services for these groups.

In order to illustrate how ChatGPT can potentially

improve health care accessibility and effectiveness, we

consider mental health-related challenges facing the

developing world. About 100 million people suffer from

clinical depression in Africa, which includes 66 million

women (https://www.wefo rum.org/agenda/2021/08/

4-facts-mental-health-africa/). There are only 1.4 men-

tal health workers per 100,000 people in the continent

compared with a global averag e of nine per 100,000

(https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/

PIIS2214-109X(18)30303-6/fulltext). Mental, neurological

and substance use disorders are estimated to cost the

world between $2.5-8.5 trillion dollars annually (https://

www.worldbank.org/en/topic/universalhealthcoverage).

In this regard, it is encouraging to note that ChatGPT

has already been used to provide mental health services.

On 6 January 2023, not-for-proﬁt online mental health

services Koko cofounder Robert Morris announced on

Twitter that Koko had “provided mental health support

to about 4000 people—using GPT-3.” (https://twitter .

com/RobertRMorris/status/1611450197707464706).

Starting and Successfully Operating

a Business

The developing world’s entrepreneurial performance

has been weak.

Insufﬁcient management skills, the

lack of expertise in functional areas such as marketing,

human resources, and ﬁnance are among the major

challenges facing small- and medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs) in developing countries.

ChatGPT has the

potential to overcome these challenges. While genera-

tive AI models, such as DALLE 2 or ChatGPT are in the

early days of scaling, they are expected to have a wide

range of business applications. For instance, ChatGPT

gives advice on how to start a business (https://www.

businessinsider.com/chagpt-cant-start-a-business-for-

you-startup-steps-2023-1).

Most ﬁrms in developing countries, especially SMEs,

lack expertise and resources to develop effective mar-

keting strategies.

ChatGPT can increase the success

of these ﬁrms’ marketing activities by helping craft per-

sonalized content, which is more likely to attract cus-

tomer attention drive engagement and increase trafﬁc

to companies’ websites and social media channels

(https://www.markettailor.io/blog/how-businesses-can-

use-chatgpt-for-content-marketing).

In operations, generative AI models such as ChatGPT

can be used to generate a given activity’s task lists

for efﬁcient execution.

In IT and engineering areas,

ChatGPT can be used to write, document, and review

code.

Some have estimated that 80% of codes will be

generated by computers in the future. It was reported

that a programmer improved productivity by 80% by

using Cha tGPT to hel p write be tter code faster.

This

aspect is especially relevant to developing countries that

are facing a shortage of professional knowledge workers

IT ECONOMICS

March/April 2023 IT Professional 17

Authorized licensed use limited to: Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology CAS. Downloaded on October 11,2023 at 14:30:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

of 4

25墨值下载

ieee

关注

评论