A_Blockchain-Based_Semantic_Exchange_Framework_for_Web_3.0_Toward_Participatory_Economy.pdf

Whill

7页

0次

2025-06-27

免费下载

IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2023

AbstrAct

Web 3.0 is the next-generation Internet that

enables participants to read, write, and own con-

tents in a decentralized manner. It is mainly driven

by blockchain, semantic communication, edge

computing, and artificial intelligence, which can

construct value networks to achieve participatory

economics based on participatory decision mak-

ing. Web 3.0 can capture the characteristics of

blockchain, semantic extraction, and communi-

cation to achieve decentralized semantic sharing

and transfer information precisely. However, cur-

rent Web 3.0 solutions focus on the blockchain

while overlooking other new technologies’ roles

in Web 3.0. To further unleash the advantages of

semantic extraction and communication in Web

3.0, in this article, we propose a blockchain-based

semantic exchange framework to realize fair and

efficient interactions. In this framework, we first

attempt to tokenize semantic information into

Non-Fungible Token (NFT) for semantic exchange.

Then we utilize a Stackelberg game to maximize

buying and pricing strategies for semantic trading.

We also leverage Zero-Knowledge Proof to share

authentic semantic information without publishing

it before receiving payments, which can achieve a

fair and privacy-preserving trading compared with

current NFT marketplaces. A case study about

urban planning is given to show clearly the pro-

posed mechanisms. Finally, several challenges and

opportunities are identiﬁed.

IntroductIon

Web 3.0 is now attracting the interest of research-

ers from academics and industries. It is considered

to be the next generation of the Internet where

participants can control their data, identities, and

capabilities to make decentralized decisions and

construct participatory economy. There are two

mainstream developments of Web 3.0 as follows,

including Blockchain Web 3.0 and Semantic Web

3.0. When the concept of Web 3.0 ﬁrst emerged,

it was identified as a semantic web, which can

make Internet data machine-readable [1] and

reduce energy consumption for processing and

transmission. The current definition of Web 3.0

[2] was prevailing with the help of blockchain

technologies, which can make participants get rid

of tech giants and control user-generated content.

Besides, since artiﬁcial intelligence and edge com-

puting play important roles to connect Web 3.0

participants in a smart and lightweight way, they

are also considered vital components of Web 3.0.

The diversiﬁed underlying technologies of Web

3.0 are similar to Web 2.0 mainly driven by cloud

computing, social networks, and mobile connectiv-

ity. Instead of being controlled by tech giants, Web

3.0 allows all participants to make decisions to

participate in constructing value networks, which

should permit participants without the need of hav-

ing the expertise of underlying technologies, like

DeFi Money Legos [3]. Thus, Web 3.0 can be sup-

ported by multiple technologies like blockchain,

artiﬁcial intelligence, edge computing, and seman-

tic communication, which can easily coordinate to

construct value networks to achieve participatory

economy based on decentralized decision making

among participants.

Although several new technologies are emerg-

ing as main components to construct value net-

works in Web 3.0, blockchain is considered the

main technology for the participatory economy

in many cases. Few researchers focus on how

to integrate the components of new technolo-

gies into blockchain-based Web 3.0 toward the

participatory economy. DeCAST [4] utilizes the

integration of blockchain and federated learning

to construct parallel intelligent transportation sys-

tems, which are eﬀective and practical for smart

mobility. A unified blockchain-semantic frame-

work [5] is proposed to capture the benefits of

blockchain, semantic extraction, and communi-

cation to improve interaction eﬃciency for Web

3.0. Besides, given the steps of the integration of

new technologies in Web 3.0, it is necessary to

consider how to make value circulated in the par-

ticipatory economy to attract participants to join

in Web 3.0 decision-making.

Blockchain, semantic extraction and commu-

nication can be utilized to reduce information

overloaded, reduce energy consumption, and

construct eﬃcient interactions toward the partici-

patory economy by extracting semantic informa-

tion from raw data and implementing sharing in

Yijing Lin, Zhipeng Gao, Yaofeng Tu, Hongyang Du, Dusit Niyato, Jiawen Kang, and Hui Yang

Yijing Lin, Zhipeng Gao, and Hui Yang are with Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China;

Yaofeng Tu is with the Center Institute of ZTE, China; Hongyang Du and Dusit Niyato are with Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;

Jiawen Kang is with Guangdong University of Technology, China.

Digital Object Identifier:

10.1109/MCOM.003.2200817

A Blockchain-Based Semantic

Exchange Framework for Web 3.0

Toward Participatory Economy

NETWORKS FOR BLOCKCHAINENABLED APPLICATIONS

The authors propose a block-

chain-based semantic exchange

framework to realize fair and

eicient interactions.

Authorized licensed use limited to: ZTE Corporation (One Dept). Downloaded on June 08,2025 at 03:34:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2023

a decentralized manner. However, even capital-

izing on the benefits of the above technologies,

the design toward the participatory economy still

faces many diﬃculties. On the one hand, it is diﬃ-

cult to quantify and transact semantic information

circulated in Web 3.0. The reason is that pro-

ducers and consumers are difficult to maximize

their revenue and utility [6]. On the other hand,

Web 3.0 is supported by a public blockchain plat-

form, which makes pending semantic information

exposed to both parties. Consumers can copy

semantic information without payments to max-

imize their beneﬁts [7] in current marketplaces.

In this article, we attempt to complement the

understanding of blockchain, semantic extraction

and communication playing an important role in

Web 3.0. We also develop a fair and eﬃcient mech-

anism based on blockchain and semantic commu-

nication to tokenize semantic information, enable

semantic exchange by utilizing the Stackelberg

Game, and Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) to achieve

eﬃciency and privacy toward participatory econo-

my. Our contributions are summarized as follows:

• We explore tokenizing semantic information

with the support of blockchain and establish

a novel semantic exchange framework.

• To achieve optimal pricing strategies, we

propose a Stackelberg game-based semantic

trading mechanism in this framework.

• To protect privacy of semantic transactions,

we utilize zero-knowledge proof to share

semantic information without publishing

authentic one before payments.

• Taking a specific Web 3.0 service, that is,

urban planing, as a case study, we illustrate

how to utilize the proposed framework to

achieve exchanges of semantic information.

the Future oF blockchAIn, semAntIc extrActIon And

communIcAtIon-enAbled the Internet

An AccelerAtIng growth oF the Internet

The accelerating growth of the iterations of the

Internet is witnessed from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0. We

illustrate the diﬀerence between Web 1.0, Web 2.0,

and Web 3.0, the connection between Web 3.0,

blockchain, edge computing, and semantic com-

munication, and the applications of blockchain and

semantic communication-enabled Web 3.0.

whAt Is the dIFFerence between

web 1.0, web 2.0, And web 3.0?

The development of the Internet experienced three

iterations of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 eras.

Web 1.0 is a read-only web, where users can only

read information produced by centralized content

producers from centralized servers. Web 2.0 is

a read-write web driven by mobile connectivity,

social networks, and cloud computing, where users

can read and write content on platforms provid-

ed by giant tech companies. Platforms can utilize

content produced by users to make a profit like

advertising without paying any to producers. There-

fore, the need for Web 3.0 is that users expect

to control their data and protect their privacy in

a decentralized manner. Web 3.0 is a read-write-

own web driven by blockchain, edge computing,

artiﬁcial intelligence, and semantic communication,

where users can read, write, and own content on

decentralized value networks.

whAt Is the connectIon between web 3.0, blockchAIn,

edge computIng, And semAntIc communIcAtIon?

Whereas Web 2.0 was mainly driven by mobile con-

nectivity, social networks, and cloud computing to

allow users to participate in constructing platform

networks, Web 3.0 is enabled by blockchain, edge

computing, artiﬁcial intelligence, and semantic com-

munication to design an open, trustless, seamless,

ubiquitous, and efficient next-generation Internet.

Blockchain is often considered the same as Web

3.0, while it is actually an infrastructure to support

decentralized data sharing in an open and trustless

manner. Edge computing is also vital to construct

Web 3.0, which can leverage the computing and

storage capabilities of ubiquitous edge devices and

servers to make Internet services available and near

to users. Artiﬁcial intelligence can leverage tons of

data produced by edge computing and blockchain

to train models, which can improve services and

provide seamless experiences. Instead of transmit-

ting information accurately, semantic communi-

cation [8] based on edge computing and artificial

intelligence pursues how precisely the transmitted

information can convey the desired meanings to

reduce information overloaded and energy con-

sumed to provide Web 3.0 with eﬃciency.

whAt Are ApplIcAtIons oF blockchAIn And

semAntIc communIcAtIon-enAbled web 3.0?

Whereas Web 2.0 mainly focuses on applications

on platform networks for controllers to make a

profit from user data, blockchain and semantic

communication-enabled Web 3.0 concentrate

on value networks to facilitate transparent use of

data, and decentralized data exchange and shar-

ing. Blockchain and semantic communication-en-

abled Web 3.0 toward participatory economy can

be applied for embracing the digital transforma-

tion of healthcare services, the automotive indus-

try, and urban planning, as shown in Fig. 1.

reseArch gAps oF blockchAIn And semAntIc

communIcAtIon-enAbled web 3.0

Instead of a mansion in the air, Web 3.0 is the

next-generation infrastructure consisting of multi-

ple building blocks like blockchain and semantic

communication, which is also similar to block-

chain made up of cryptography and distributed

algorithms. Web 3.0 is expected to construct an

entirely new Internet for participants to transact

and interact in the participatory economy.

Previous works only focus on the blockchain

or semantic-enabled Web 3.0, while there are few

works focusing on the integration between Web 3.0,

blockchain, semantic extraction and communica-

tion. DeSci [9] utilized blockchain and decentralized

autonomous organizations to construct a reference

model for scientiﬁc systems. A uniﬁed blockchain-se-

mantic framework enabled Web 3.0 was proposed

to maintain service security and improve interaction

efficiency in Web 3.0 [5]. HyperService [10] was

designed to construct an interoperable cross-chain

platform for decentralized applications to interact

data across blockchains.

Whereas Web 2.0 was main-

ly driven by mobile connec-

tivity, social networks, and

cloud computing to allow

users to participate in con-

structing platform networks,

Web 3.0 is enabled by

blockchain, edge computing,

artificial intelligence, and

semantic communication to

design an open, trustless,

seamless, ubiquitous, and

eicient next-generation

Internet

Authorized licensed use limited to: ZTE Corporation (One Dept). Downloaded on June 08,2025 at 03:34:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2023

AbstrAct

Web 3.0 is the next-generation Internet that

enables participants to read, write, and own con-

tents in a decentralized manner. It is mainly driven

by blockchain, semantic communication, edge

computing, and artificial intelligence, which can

construct value networks to achieve participatory

economics based on participatory decision mak-

ing. Web 3.0 can capture the characteristics of

blockchain, semantic extraction, and communi-

cation to achieve decentralized semantic sharing

and transfer information precisely. However, cur-

rent Web 3.0 solutions focus on the blockchain

while overlooking other new technologies’ roles

in Web 3.0. To further unleash the advantages of

semantic extraction and communication in Web

3.0, in this article, we propose a blockchain-based

semantic exchange framework to realize fair and

efficient interactions. In this framework, we first

attempt to tokenize semantic information into

Non-Fungible Token (NFT) for semantic exchange.

Then we utilize a Stackelberg game to maximize

buying and pricing strategies for semantic trading.

We also leverage Zero-Knowledge Proof to share

authentic semantic information without publishing

it before receiving payments, which can achieve a

fair and privacy-preserving trading compared with

current NFT marketplaces. A case study about

urban planning is given to show clearly the pro-

posed mechanisms. Finally, several challenges and

opportunities are identiﬁed.

IntroductIon

Web 3.0 is now attracting the interest of research-

ers from academics and industries. It is considered

to be the next generation of the Internet where

participants can control their data, identities, and

capabilities to make decentralized decisions and

construct participatory economy. There are two

mainstream developments of Web 3.0 as follows,

including Blockchain Web 3.0 and Semantic Web

3.0. When the concept of Web 3.0 ﬁrst emerged,

it was identified as a semantic web, which can

make Internet data machine-readable [1] and

reduce energy consumption for processing and

transmission. The current definition of Web 3.0

[2] was prevailing with the help of blockchain

technologies, which can make participants get rid

of tech giants and control user-generated content.

Besides, since artiﬁcial intelligence and edge com-

puting play important roles to connect Web 3.0

participants in a smart and lightweight way, they

are also considered vital components of Web 3.0.

The diversiﬁed underlying technologies of Web

3.0 are similar to Web 2.0 mainly driven by cloud

computing, social networks, and mobile connectiv-

ity. Instead of being controlled by tech giants, Web

3.0 allows all participants to make decisions to

participate in constructing value networks, which

should permit participants without the need of hav-

ing the expertise of underlying technologies, like

DeFi Money Legos [3]. Thus, Web 3.0 can be sup-

ported by multiple technologies like blockchain,

artiﬁcial intelligence, edge computing, and seman-

tic communication, which can easily coordinate to

construct value networks to achieve participatory

economy based on decentralized decision making

among participants.

Although several new technologies are emerg-

ing as main components to construct value net-

works in Web 3.0, blockchain is considered the

main technology for the participatory economy

in many cases. Few researchers focus on how

to integrate the components of new technolo-

gies into blockchain-based Web 3.0 toward the

participatory economy. DeCAST [4] utilizes the

integration of blockchain and federated learning

to construct parallel intelligent transportation sys-

tems, which are eﬀective and practical for smart

mobility. A unified blockchain-semantic frame-

work [5] is proposed to capture the benefits of

blockchain, semantic extraction, and communi-

cation to improve interaction eﬃciency for Web

3.0. Besides, given the steps of the integration of

new technologies in Web 3.0, it is necessary to

consider how to make value circulated in the par-

ticipatory economy to attract participants to join

in Web 3.0 decision-making.

Blockchain, semantic extraction and commu-

nication can be utilized to reduce information

overloaded, reduce energy consumption, and

construct eﬃcient interactions toward the partici-

patory economy by extracting semantic informa-

tion from raw data and implementing sharing in

Yijing Lin, Zhipeng Gao, Yaofeng Tu, Hongyang Du, Dusit Niyato, Jiawen Kang, and Hui Yang

Yijing Lin, Zhipeng Gao, and Hui Yang are with Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China;

Yaofeng Tu is with the Center Institute of ZTE, China; Hongyang Du and Dusit Niyato are with Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;

Jiawen Kang is with Guangdong University of Technology, China.

Digital Object Identifier:

10.1109/MCOM.003.2200817

A Blockchain-Based Semantic

Exchange Framework for Web 3.0

Toward Participatory Economy

NETWORKS FOR BLOCKCHAINENABLED APPLICATIONS

The authors propose a block-

chain-based semantic exchange

framework to realize fair and

eicient interactions.

Authorized licensed use limited to: ZTE Corporation (One Dept). Downloaded on June 08,2025 at 03:34:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

IEEE Communications Magazine • August 2023

a decentralized manner. However, even capital-

izing on the benefits of the above technologies,

the design toward the participatory economy still

faces many diﬃculties. On the one hand, it is diﬃ-

cult to quantify and transact semantic information

circulated in Web 3.0. The reason is that pro-

ducers and consumers are difficult to maximize

their revenue and utility [6]. On the other hand,

Web 3.0 is supported by a public blockchain plat-

form, which makes pending semantic information

exposed to both parties. Consumers can copy

semantic information without payments to max-

imize their beneﬁts [7] in current marketplaces.

In this article, we attempt to complement the

understanding of blockchain, semantic extraction

and communication playing an important role in

Web 3.0. We also develop a fair and eﬃcient mech-

anism based on blockchain and semantic commu-

nication to tokenize semantic information, enable

semantic exchange by utilizing the Stackelberg

Game, and Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP) to achieve

eﬃciency and privacy toward participatory econo-

my. Our contributions are summarized as follows:

• We explore tokenizing semantic information

with the support of blockchain and establish

a novel semantic exchange framework.

• To achieve optimal pricing strategies, we

propose a Stackelberg game-based semantic

trading mechanism in this framework.

• To protect privacy of semantic transactions,

we utilize zero-knowledge proof to share

semantic information without publishing

authentic one before payments.

• Taking a specific Web 3.0 service, that is,

urban planing, as a case study, we illustrate

how to utilize the proposed framework to

achieve exchanges of semantic information.

the Future oF blockchAIn, semAntIc extrActIon And

communIcAtIon-enAbled the Internet

An AccelerAtIng growth oF the Internet

The accelerating growth of the iterations of the

Internet is witnessed from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0. We

illustrate the diﬀerence between Web 1.0, Web 2.0,

and Web 3.0, the connection between Web 3.0,

blockchain, edge computing, and semantic com-

munication, and the applications of blockchain and

semantic communication-enabled Web 3.0.

whAt Is the dIFFerence between

web 1.0, web 2.0, And web 3.0?

The development of the Internet experienced three

iterations of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 eras.

Web 1.0 is a read-only web, where users can only

read information produced by centralized content

producers from centralized servers. Web 2.0 is

a read-write web driven by mobile connectivity,

social networks, and cloud computing, where users

can read and write content on platforms provid-

ed by giant tech companies. Platforms can utilize

content produced by users to make a profit like

advertising without paying any to producers. There-

fore, the need for Web 3.0 is that users expect

to control their data and protect their privacy in

a decentralized manner. Web 3.0 is a read-write-

own web driven by blockchain, edge computing,

artiﬁcial intelligence, and semantic communication,

where users can read, write, and own content on

decentralized value networks.

whAt Is the connectIon between web 3.0, blockchAIn,

edge computIng, And semAntIc communIcAtIon?

Whereas Web 2.0 was mainly driven by mobile con-

nectivity, social networks, and cloud computing to

allow users to participate in constructing platform

networks, Web 3.0 is enabled by blockchain, edge

computing, artiﬁcial intelligence, and semantic com-

munication to design an open, trustless, seamless,

ubiquitous, and efficient next-generation Internet.

Blockchain is often considered the same as Web

3.0, while it is actually an infrastructure to support

decentralized data sharing in an open and trustless

manner. Edge computing is also vital to construct

Web 3.0, which can leverage the computing and

storage capabilities of ubiquitous edge devices and

servers to make Internet services available and near

to users. Artiﬁcial intelligence can leverage tons of

data produced by edge computing and blockchain

to train models, which can improve services and

provide seamless experiences. Instead of transmit-

ting information accurately, semantic communi-

cation [8] based on edge computing and artificial

intelligence pursues how precisely the transmitted

information can convey the desired meanings to

reduce information overloaded and energy con-

sumed to provide Web 3.0 with eﬃciency.

whAt Are ApplIcAtIons oF blockchAIn And

semAntIc communIcAtIon-enAbled web 3.0?

Whereas Web 2.0 mainly focuses on applications

on platform networks for controllers to make a

profit from user data, blockchain and semantic

communication-enabled Web 3.0 concentrate

on value networks to facilitate transparent use of

data, and decentralized data exchange and shar-

ing. Blockchain and semantic communication-en-

abled Web 3.0 toward participatory economy can

be applied for embracing the digital transforma-

tion of healthcare services, the automotive indus-

try, and urban planning, as shown in Fig. 1.

reseArch gAps oF blockchAIn And semAntIc

communIcAtIon-enAbled web 3.0

Instead of a mansion in the air, Web 3.0 is the

next-generation infrastructure consisting of multi-

ple building blocks like blockchain and semantic

communication, which is also similar to block-

chain made up of cryptography and distributed

algorithms. Web 3.0 is expected to construct an

entirely new Internet for participants to transact

and interact in the participatory economy.

Previous works only focus on the blockchain

or semantic-enabled Web 3.0, while there are few

works focusing on the integration between Web 3.0,

blockchain, semantic extraction and communica-

tion. DeSci [9] utilized blockchain and decentralized

autonomous organizations to construct a reference

model for scientiﬁc systems. A uniﬁed blockchain-se-

mantic framework enabled Web 3.0 was proposed

to maintain service security and improve interaction

efficiency in Web 3.0 [5]. HyperService [10] was

designed to construct an interoperable cross-chain

platform for decentralized applications to interact

data across blockchains.

Whereas Web 2.0 was main-

ly driven by mobile connec-

tivity, social networks, and

cloud computing to allow

users to participate in con-

structing platform networks,

Web 3.0 is enabled by

blockchain, edge computing,

artificial intelligence, and

semantic communication to

design an open, trustless,

seamless, ubiquitous, and

eicient next-generation

Internet

Authorized licensed use limited to: ZTE Corporation (One Dept). Downloaded on June 08,2025 at 03:34:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

of 7

免费下载

goldendb paper

关注

评论