
区块链公链应用的典型安全问题综述
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魏松杰,吕伟龙,李莎莎
(南京理工大学计算机科学与工程学院,江苏南京210094)
通信作者:吕伟龙,E-mail:118106043462@njust.edu.cn
摘 要:区块链作为互联网金融的颠覆性创新技术,吸引学术研究和工程应用领域广泛关注,并被持续推广应用到
各种行业领域中.以公有链为代表的区块链系统具有弱中心化、信任共识、平台开放、系统自治、用户匿名、数
据完整等特点,在缺乏集中可信的分布式场景中实现可信数据管理和价值交易.但区块链作为新兴信息技术,由于
自身机制和周边设施不够完善、用户安全观念不够成熟等原因,也面临安全威胁和挑战.本文首先介绍了区块链
技术,回顾其面临的安全风险;其次以比特币和以太坊两个典型系统为例,剖析了针对面向代币交易和应用的区块
链系统的各类安全威胁以及应对方法;接着分析了钱包交易所等区块链周边设施和区块链用户的安全隐患;最后
对文中安全问题进行了分类总结,提出可行技术线路和防御方法,展望当前区块链安全的研究热点和发展趋势.
关键词:区块链;公链安全;攻击流程;防御策略;共识安全
中图法分类号:TP309
中文引用格式:魏松杰,吕伟龙,李莎莎.区块链公链应用的典型安全问题综述.软件学报,2022,33(1):324–355.http://www.
jos.org.cn/1000-9825/6280.htm
英文引用格式:WeiSJ,LüWL,LiSS.OverviewonTypicalSecurityProblemsinPublicBlockchainApplications.RuanJianXue
Bao/JournalofSoftware,2022,33(1):324–355(inChinese).http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/6280.htm
Overview on Typical Security Problems in Public Blockchain Applications
WEISong-Jie,LÜWei-Long,LISha-Sha
SchoolofComputerScienceandEngineering,NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Nanjing210094,China)
Abstract:Originated as Internet financial technology, blockchain is prevailing in many application scenarios and attracting attentions from
both academia and industry. Typical blockchain systems are characterized with decentralization, trustworthiness, openness, autonomy,
anonymity, and immutability, which brings trustworthiness for data management and value exchange in distributed computation
environment without centralized trust authority. However, blockchain is still developing as a continuously evolving new technique. Its
mechanisms, peripheral facilities, and user maturity in security are yet to be optimized, resulting in various security threats and frequent
security incidents. Thispaperfirst overviews the blockchain technology and its potential security vulnerabilities when being used for token
transaction and exchange. Then the mostly-seen security problems are enumerated and analyzed with Bitcoin and Ethereum as two sample
systems. The security problems encountered by blockchain peripheral facilities and users are presented, and their root causes are probed.
Finally, the surveyed problems are categorized and the possible countermeasures or defenses are proposed to address them. Promising
researchareasandtechnologyevolvingdirectionsarebrieflycoveredforthefuture.
Key words:blockchain;publicchainsecurity;attackprocedure;defensestrategy;consensussecurity
1 绪 论
1.1 区块链介绍
自中本聪在《比特币:点对点的电子现金系统》一文中首次提出区块链架构至今,历经10年光阴.10年间,
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基金项目:国家自然科学基金(61802186,61472189);国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1804604)
收稿时间:2020-03-05;修改时间:2020-05-07,2020-11-07;采用时间:2020-12-04;jos在线出版时间:2021-01-15
软件学报ISSN1000-9825,CODENRUXUEW E-mail:jos@iscas.ac.cn
Journal of Software,2022,33(1):324−355[doi:10.13328/j.cnki.jos.006280] http://www.jos.org.cn
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