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区块链的数据管理技术综述.pdf
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2021-01-28
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软件学报 ISSN 1000-9825, CODEN RUXUEW
Journal of Software, [doi: 10.13328/j.cnki.jos.006091]
©国科学院软件研究所版权所.
块链管理
1
,
1
,
2
,
3
1
(京理工大学计算机学院,,)
2
(港浸会大学计算机,香港,)
3
(国人民大学信息学,北京,)
通讯作者: , E-mail: wanggrbit@126.com
: 最近几,随着
加密货币和去中心化应用
是在一个
分布式环境下众多不可信节点共同维护
致性,实现去中心化的数据管理.
针对区块链的安全性以及共识协议
块链技术与传统数据库
下数据管理技术的异同
行与验证、系统可扩展性等诸多方面,
并已有诸多技术广泛应用于实际的分布式数据库中
点只可能发生崩溃而不存在恶意攻击.然而,
在区块链环境中
理带来了新的问题与挑战.因此,本文将梳理
并分析
关键词: 区块链;数据管理;数据存储;
事务执行
Survey on Data Management in Blockchain Systems
ZHANG Zhi-Wei
1
, WANG Guo-Ren
1
, XU
Jian
1
(School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing
2
(Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China)
3
(Information School
, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100081, China)
Abstract:
Blockchain technologies have gained more and more attention during the last
users do not fully trust each other. Embedded with consensus protocols and security mechanism, blockchain systems achieve sev
immutability, and all the users a
gree on all the data records and histories of transactions.
database, in which nodes agree with
the orders of executions of all the transactions.
problems for blockchains. In this paper, we aim to survey and analyze the techniques about data management for the blockchain
it assumes that the nodes in the distributed database are trusted,
the malicious nodes, it needs to consider Byzantine fault tolerance.
databases have similar architecture
, many works have been done to translate the techniques from distributed databases to blockchains. Considering this, in this
paper, we survey the techniques for the data management in blockchains. We focus on four aspects
query processing and blockchain scalability. We compare the differences and analyze the benefits of the techniques in these a
Keywords: blockchain; data management; data stor
age; transaction execution; query processing;
,货币
加密币中比特
[1]
、以太
[2]
已被允许新加
点维、只添加式数结构.
在区系统
,新的.
,
全局
据的性以篡改.
了在信的证数可篡
,网络,
意节的恶攻击,
块链统要以支拜占
致性.由于以上,
整个块链络构成了
基金项目: 家自然科学基(
61602395, 61732014
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China
Science and Technology Project (SDZX2019042)
收稿时间:
2019-11-25; 修改时间: 2020-03-
08, 2020
加密货币和去中心化应用
的流行,区块链技术受到了各行业极大的关注.
从数据
分布式环境下众多不可信节点共同维护
且不可篡改的账本.由于节点间相互不可信,
区块链通过共识协议
针对区块链的安全性以及共识协议
,有诸多工作进行全面的分析.
本文将从数据管理的角度
下数据管理技术的异同
.分布式数据管理的研究已经持续数十年,
涵盖了数据存储模式
并已有诸多技术广泛应用于实际的分布式数据库中
.该类
工作往往假定存在中心
在区块链环境中
,系统设计需考虑不可信
节点可能的攻击行为以及拜占庭容错
并分析
国内外有关区块链数据管理的文献,
并展望未来的研究方向
事务执行
;查询处理;
Survey on Data Management in Blockchain Systems
Jian
-Liang
2
, DU Xiao-Yong
3
(School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing
100081, China)
(Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China)
, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100081, China)
Blockchain technologies have gained more and more attention during the last
few years. In general, blockchains are distributed ledge
users do not fully trust each other. Embedded with consensus protocols and security mechanism, blockchain systems achieve sev
gree on all the data records and histories of transactions. From the perspective of data management
the orders of executions of all the transactions. Many works have been done to survey about
problems for blockchains. In this paper, we aim to survey and analyze the techniques about data management for the blockchain
it assumes that the nodes in the distributed database are trusted, and only the crash failure needs to be considered. On the other hand, as the blockchains consider
the malicious nodes, it needs to consider Byzantine fault tolerance. These have brought new problems and challenges to the blockchains.
, many works have been done to translate the techniques from distributed databases to blockchains. Considering this, in this
paper, we survey the techniques for the data management in blockchains. We focus on four aspects
of management, including storage, transaction management,
query processing and blockchain scalability. We compare the differences and analyze the benefits of the techniques in these a
age; transaction execution; query processing;
,
关注
已被允许新加
、加拿等国家进支付.
数据处理角度
在区系统
,数据事务块为小单行存.
块与块之以链方式
,点均
全局
..,
中支
了在信的证数可篡
,
块链区块区块存储
希值
块链统要以支拜占
,即当络中少量意节
,
整个块链络构成了
去中化且可篡的一致数存储.
61602395, 61732014
);港研究资助局项目12200819;
广东省科技专项资金项
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China
(61602395, 61732014); Hong Kong
General Research Fund(12200819); Guangdong Key
08, 2020
-04-29; 采用时间: 2020-05-25; jos 线出版时: 2020-06-08
E-mail: jos@iscas.ac.cn
http://www.jos.org.cn
Tel: +86-10-62562563
从数据
管理的角度,块链可以视作
区块链通过共识协议
,确保数据存储的一
本文将从数据管理的角度
,析区
涵盖了数据存储模式
事务处理机制、查询执
工作往往假定存在中心
可信节点或者节
节点可能的攻击行为以及拜占庭容错
.这给数据管
并展望未来的研究方向
.
few years. In general, blockchains are distributed ledge
rs in which the
users do not fully trust each other. Embedded with consensus protocols and security mechanism, blockchain systems achieve sev
eral properties, such as
From the perspective of data management
, blockchain is a distributed
Many works have been done to survey about
the security and concensus
problems for blockchains. In this paper, we aim to survey and analyze the techniques about data management for the blockchain
systems. In traditional databases,
and only the crash failure needs to be considered. On the other hand, as the blockchains consider
These have brought new problems and challenges to the blockchains.
Since blockchains and
, many works have been done to translate the techniques from distributed databases to blockchains. Considering this, in this
of management, including storage, transaction management,
query processing and blockchain scalability. We compare the differences and analyze the benefits of the techniques in these a
reas for blockchains.
关注
,.
数据处理角度
,链是种由网络一组
块与块之以链方式
.
中支
块链区块区块存储
希值
.,
,
然可保网中数的一
广东省科技专项资金项
SDZX2019042
General Research Fund(12200819); Guangdong Key
2
Journal of Software 软件学报
块链去中点使统的数据,方面不同.统的式数往假
,且节,需要.不可,
能恶发送息或行计,区块需考占庭.诸多,例如 IBM
[3]
Oracle
[4]
SAP
[5]
华为
[6]
等均立了
的区链系.着区链技术的广以对智能合的支,块链技术被进步应用于个领,包括联网
[7, 117]
、医
[8-9]
、专利保
[10]
、政府监
[11]
、资产管
[12]
.此同,来越多的作对块链各个面进了优,包括统模
[13-14]
共识
[15-16]
数据安全
[17-20]
、数存储
[21]
及性能评基准
[22]
.
...
PreHash ConsProof
MerkleRoot
PreHash
ConsProof
MerkleRoot
R
TX
1
TX
2
TX
3
TX
4
R
TX
5
TX
6
TX
7
TX
8
区块t
区块t+1
Fig. 1 The structure of the blockchain.
1 链中的数结构
数据角度,块链在分境下存在关系记录.数据对数作均
区块并以块的粒度行管.个典的区结构如图 1 ,包括一区哈希PreBkHash识验字段ConsProof
以及块内务的哈希值(MerkleRoot.其中节点利用识验证字验证存储的区是否足共条件并确网络少量
点的意行不会区块的一,使其持拜庭容.布式据库,由于假定不存恶意击行
,此分布式据库节点共识需考节点崩溃情况.的共识算 Paxos
[23]
Raft
[24]
.类共识算已经应用于全
,.,,
PoW
[25]
实用拜占容错 PBFT
[26]
.于区结构以及识算将在“区链的心构”部分介.
然与数据,可以不信境中中心管理,是区系统管理
面临诸多.其核问题包括据存储、事务理性查询理优等方.,段区链的每秒执行务数TPS
于传据库,足实易量.最广使货币均每 7 笔交,
visa 用卡司每需执 4000 笔左右的
[27-28]
.而言,链系统中数据理与现有布式据库有如方面
同:
数据储方:在区块系统,据以块作基本存储.为了方便据的,
[2]
等利 LevelDB
一基 Key-Value 构的据库取数,而部区块链则择利文件系统关系数据进行存储.统的
式数布式,网络储数,储在
架下生新挑战.首先,将所数据储于块链将导区块上的据规极大.般情,系统
点均历史数据,整个销极.将使能由
,.,储了,情况,
链中以存多个历史.现有诸多作需要基数据不同本进,因此据存储需持多本的存储
询等,且可在各版本上进独立数据添加改等.
务执面:块链,智能的一行相据库一个.统的库中,事务需满
ACID ,包括原子atomicity一致consistency隔离isolation与持性(durability.区块
系统,务的理同需满以上.为了高系的吞,区块的事处理样会用并机制.
,块链系统并发制与分布数据的并发控相比诸多.,块链系统的事的提Commit
以区单位,不是个事单位.一个内将多个.导致事务发控要考
的提.个事其他并发却没一区提交会明系统行效.,
分区链中事务处理程与据库的事务不. Hyperledger Fabric ,的处包含模拟验证过程.
, . , master-slave
[32-33]
of 18
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