精英教育获得、工资溢价和社会流动性：中国高考的事实和错觉（中英对照）.pdf
免费下载
Access to Elite Education, Wage Premium, and Social Mobility:
The Truth and Illusion of China’s College Entrance Exam
《精英教育获得、工资溢价和社会流动性：中国高考的事实和错觉》
Ruixue Jia and Hongbin Li
贾瑞雪和李宏彬
August 24, 2016
2016 年 8 月 24 日
翻译：远川研究所 余佩颖、王一川、周哲浩、陈畅
Abstract
摘要
This paper studies the returns to elite education and their implications on elite
formation and social mobility, exploiting an open elite education recruitment system –
China’s College Entrance Exam. We conduct annual national surveys of around 40,000
college graduates during 2010-2015 to collect their performance at the entrance exam,
job outcomes, and other individual characteristics. Exploiting a discontinuity in the
probability of attending elite universities around the cutoff scores, we find a sizable
wage premium of elite education. However, access to elite education does not promise
one’s entry into the elite class (measured by occupation, industry and other non-wage
benefits) but parents’ elite status does. Access to elite education also does not alter the
intergenerational link between parents’ status and children’s status. The wage
premium appears more consistent with the signaling mechanism of elite education than
the role of human capital or social networks.
本文通过开放的精英教育招生体系——高考，研究精英教育的回报及其对精英形成和社会流
动性的影响。在 2010-2015 年期间，我们每年对大约 4 万名大学毕业生进行全国性调查，
来收集他们的高考表现、工作结果和其他个人特征。利用进入精英大学的概率在录取分数线
附近的不连续现象，我们发现精英教育的工资溢价相当可观。然而，接受精英教育并不能保
证一个人得以进入精英阶层(以职业、行业和其他非工资福利衡量)，但父母的精英地位却可
以。接受精英教育也不会改变父母地位和孩子地位之间的代际联系。相对于人力资本或社会
网络的作用，工资溢价似乎更符合精英教育的信号机制。
远川研究所
1 Introduction
1 引言
Access to education, especially elite education, is believed to be one of the most
important channels for elite formation and social mobility in modern societies. While
there is a burgeoning literature estimating the returns to elite education, little empirical
investigation exists on how the access to elite education affects elite formation and
social mobility. In this paper, we not only estimate the returns to elite education but also
attempt to understand their implications on elite formation and social mobility using a
large-scale dataset we collected ourselves in China.
接受教育，特别是精英教育，被认为是现代社会精英形成和社会流动的重要渠道之一。虽然
有越来越多的文献预估了精英教育的回报，但很少有实证研究表明，接受精英教育的机会是
如何影响精英形成和社会流动性。在本文中，通过使用我们在中国收集的大规模数据集，我
们不仅预估了精英教育的回报，而且试图理解其对精英形成和社会流动的影响。
Every year, around 10 million students in China take the National College Entrance
Exam – the largest standardized test in the world – in order to get admitted by
around 2,000 colleges of different tiers. The exam not only determines whether a young
person will attend a Chinese university, but also which one – attending an elite
university is perceived to have a crucial bearing on career prospects or to provide a
ticket to the elite class (Wong 2012). This perception is not without controversy: due to
the importance of family background for the labor market, some argue that it is illusion
rather than reality that the exam system can provide upward mobility and change one’s
fate (Bregnbaek 2016).
每年，中国约有 1000 万学生参加全国高考——世界上最大的标准化考试——以获得约 2000
所不同层次的大学的录取。高考不仅决定了一个年轻人会否进入中国大学，还决定了他能进
入哪一所——进入精英大学被认为对他的职业前景至关重要，是为他提供了进入精英阶层的
入场券(Wong 2012)。这种看法并非没有争议：由于家庭背景在劳动力市场的重要性，一些
人认为，考试制度可以提供向上流动性并改变一个人的命运，这是错觉而非现实(Bregnbaek
2016)。
The exam-based admission of Chinese colleges provides us a Regression Discontinuity
(RD) type laboratory to understand the role of elite education. We define elite
universities as those designated by the Chinese government as the first-tier universities
in admission. Elite universities have a cutoff score, and students just above and below
the cutoff score are similar in most characteristics, but those above are admitted into
elite universities. Thus, we could simply compare outcomes (income and other variables)
of students who are just below and above the cutoff score, which solves the typical
empirical issue that students entering better universities may be different in ability,
family background and other characteristics. We should note that even though the score
is the main criterion, it is possible that some students with scores below the cutoff get
accepted with extra points from minor criteria such as talents in art and sports. It is also
远川研究所
of 49
免费下载
【版权声明】本文为墨天轮用户原创内容，转载时必须标注文档的来源（墨天轮），文档链接，文档作者等基本信息，否则作者和墨天轮有权追究责任。如果您发现墨天轮中有涉嫌抄袭或者侵权的内容，欢迎发送邮件至：contact@modb.pro进行举报，并提供相关证据，一经查实，墨天轮将立刻删除相关内容。
下载排行榜
评论