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Elasticsearch 7.x文档基本操作(CRUD)

一、概述

Elasticsearch 是一个流行的开源搜索引擎,用于存储、搜索和分析数据。下面是 Elasticsearch 7.x 版本的基本操作(CRUD):

1、创建索引:

PUT index_name
{
"settings": {
"number_of_shards": 1,
"number_of_replicas": 0
}
}

2、查看索引:

GET index_name

3、删除索引:

DELETE index_name

4、创建文档:

POST index_name/_doc
{
"field1": "value1",
"field2": "value2"
}

5、获取文档:

GET index_name/_doc/doc_id

6、更新文档:

POST index_name/_doc/doc_id/_update
{
"doc": {
"field1": "new_value1"
}
}

7、删除文档:

DELETE index_name/_doc/doc_id

这些操作可以通过 Elasticsearch 的 REST API 进行。注意,这只是 Elasticsearch 的基本操作之一,还有许多其他操作,如搜索、聚合、分析等。要深入了解 Elasticsearch 的使用,请查看 Elasticsearch 官方文档。

二、Elasticsearch CRUD 详细示例讲解

1)添加文档

1、指定文档ID

PUT blog/_doc/1
{
"title":"1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"author":"chengyuqiang",
"content":"1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解...",
"url":"http://x.co/6nc81"
}

Elasticsearch服务会返回一个JSON格式的响应。

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 0,
"_primary_term" : 2
}

响应结果说明:

  • _index:文档所在的索引名

  • _type:文档所在的类型名

  • _id:文档ID

  • _version:文档的版本

  • result:created已经创建

  • _shards: _shards表示索引操作的复制过程的信息。

  • total:指示应在其上执行索引操作的分片副本(主分片和副本分片)的数量。

  • successful:表示索引操作成功的分片副本数。

  • failed:在副本分片上索引操作失败的情况下包含复制相关错误。

2、不指定文档ID

添加文档时可以不指定文档id,则文档id是自动生成的字符串。注意,需要使用POST方法,而不是PUT方法。

POST blog/_doc
{
"title":"2、Linux服务器安装图解",
"author":"chengyuqiang",
"content":"2、Linux服务器安装图解解...",
"url":"http://x.co/6nc82"
}

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "5P2-O2gBNSQY7o-KMw2P",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 1,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

2)获取文档

1、通过文档id获取指定的文档

GET blog/_doc/1

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 1,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"author" : "chengyuqiang",
"content" : "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc81"
}
}

响应结果说明:

  • found值为true,表明查询到该文档

  • _source字段是文档的内容

2、文档不存在的情况

GET blog/_doc/2

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "2",
"found" : false
}

found字段值为false表明查询的文档不存在。

3、判定文档是否存在

HEAD blog/_doc/1

输出:

200 - OK

3)更新文档

1、更改id为1的文档,删除了author,修改content字段。

PUT blog/_doc/1
{
"title":"1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"content":"下载得到VMware-workstation-full-15.0.2-10952284.exe可执行文件...",
"url":"http://x.co/6nc81"
}

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 2,
"result" : "updated",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 1,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

_version更新为2

查看该文档

GET blog/_doc/1

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 2,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"content" : "下载得到VMware-workstation-full-15.0.2-10952284.exe可执行文件...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc81"
}
}

2、添加文档时,防止覆盖已存在的文档,可以通过_create加以限制

PUT blog/_doc/1/_create
{
"title":"1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"content":"下载得到VMware-workstation-full-15.0.2-10952284.exe可执行文件...",
"url":"http://x.co/6nc81"
}

该文档已经存在,添加失败。

{
"error": {
"root_cause": [
{
"type": "version_conflict_engine_exception",
"reason": "[_doc][1]: version conflict, document already exists (current version [2])",
"index_uuid": "GqC2fSqPS06GRfTLmh1TLg",
"shard": "1",
"index": "blog"
}
],
"type": "version_conflict_engine_exception",
"reason": "[_doc][1]: version conflict, document already exists (current version [2])",
"index_uuid": "GqC2fSqPS06GRfTLmh1TLg",
"shard": "1",
"index": "blog"
},
"status": 409
}

3、更新文档的字段

通过脚本更新制定字段,其中ctx是脚本语言中的一个执行对象,先获取_source,再修改content字段

POST blog/_doc/1/_update
{
"script": {
"source": "ctx._source.content=\"从官网下载VMware-workstation,双击可执行文件进行安装...\""
}
}

响应结果如下:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 3,
"result" : "updated",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 2,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

再次获取文档 GET blog/_doc/1
,响应结果如下

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 3,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"content" : "从官网下载VMware-workstation,双击可执行文件进行安装...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc81"
}
}

4、添加字段

POST blog/_doc/1/_update
{
"script": {
"source": "ctx._source.author=\"chengyuqiang\""
}
}

再次获取文档 GET blog/_doc/1
,响应结果如下:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 4,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"content" : "从官网下载VMware-workstation,双击可执行文件进行安装...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc81",
"author" : "chengyuqiang"
}
}

5、删除字段

POST blog/_doc/1/_update
{
"script": {
"source": "ctx._source.remove(\"url\")"
}
}

再次获取文档 GET blog/_doc/1
,响应结果如下:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 5,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解",
"content" : "从官网下载VMware-workstation,双击可执行文件进行安装...",
"author" : "chengyuqiang"
}
}

4)删除文档

DELETE blog/_doc/1

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 6,
"result" : "deleted",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 6,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

再次判定该文档是否存在,执行 HEAD blog/_doc/1
,响应结果 404 - Not Found

5)批量操作

如果文档数量非常庞大,商业运维中都是海量数据,一个一个操作文档显然不合实际。幸运的是ElasticSearch提供了文档的批量操作机制。我们已经知道mget允许一次性检索多个文档,ElasticSearch提供了Bulk API,可以执行批量索引、批量删除、批量更新等操作,也就是说Bulk API允许使用在单个步骤中进行多次 create 、 index 、 update 或 delete 请求。

bulk 与其他的请求体格式稍有不同,bulk请求格式如下:

{ action: { metadata }}\n
{ request body }\n
{ action: { metadata }}\n
{ request body }\n
...

这种格式类似一个有效的单行 JSON 文档 流 ,它通过换行符(\n)连接到一起。注意两个要点:

  • 每行一定要以换行符(\n)结尾, 包括最后一行 。这些换行符被用作一个标记,可以有效分隔行。

  • 这些行不能包含未转义的换行符,因为他们将会对解析造成干扰。这意味着这个 JSON 不 能使用 pretty 参数打印。

  • action/metadata 行指定 哪一个文档 做 什么操作 。metadata 应该 指定被索引、创建、更新或者删除的文档的 _index 、 _type 和 _id 。

  • request body 行由文档的 _source 本身组成–文档包含的字段和值。它是 index 和 create 操作所必需的。

1、批量导入

POST _bulk
{ "create": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "1" }}
{ "title": "1、VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解" ,"author":"chengyuqiang","content":"官网下载VMware-workstation,双击可执行文件进行安装" , "url":"http://x.co/6nc81" }
{ "create": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "2" }}
{ "title": "2、Linux服务器安装图解" ,"author": "chengyuqiang" ,"content": "VMware模拟Linux服务器安装图解" , "url": "http://x.co/6nc82" }
{ "create": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "3" }}
{ "title": "3、Xshell 6 个人版安装与远程操作连接服务器" , "author": "chengyuqiang" ,"content": "Xshell 6 个人版安装与远程操作连接服务器..." , "url": "http://x.co/6nc84" }

这个 Elasticsearch 响应包含 items 数组, 这个数组的内容是以请求的顺序列出来的每个请求的结果。

{
"took" : 132,
"errors" : false,
"items" : [
{
"create" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 7,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 7,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 201
}
},
{
"create" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "2",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 8,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 201
}
},
{
"create" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "3",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 0,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 201
}
}
]
}

2、批量操作,包括删除、更新、新增

POST _bulk
{ "delete": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "1" }}
{ "update": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "3", "retry_on_conflict" : 3} }
{ "doc" : {"title" : "Xshell教程"} }
{ "index": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "4" }}
{ "title": "4、CentOS 7.x基本设置" ,"author":"chengyuqiang","content":"CentOS 7.x基本设置","url":"http://x.co/6nc85" }
{ "create": { "_index": "blog", "_type": "_doc", "_id": "5" }}
{ "title": "5、图解Linux下JDK安装与环境变量配置","author":"chengyuqiang" ,"content": "图解JDK安装配置" , "url": "http://x.co/6nc86" }

在7.0版本中,retry_on_conflict 参数取代了之前的_retry_on_conflict

{
"took" : 125,
"errors" : false,
"items" : [
{
"delete" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 2,
"result" : "deleted",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 3,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 200
}
},
{
"update" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "3",
"_version" : 2,
"result" : "updated",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 4,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 200
}
},
{
"index" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "4",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 1,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 201
}
},
{
"create" : {
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "5",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 5,
"_primary_term" : 1,
"status" : 201
}
}
]
}

6)批量获取

GET blog/_doc/_mget
{
"ids" : ["1", "2","3"]
}

id为1的文档已经删除,所以没有搜索到

{
"docs" : [
{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"found" : false
},
{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "2",
"_version" : 1,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "2、Linux服务器安装图解",
"author" : "chengyuqiang",
"content" : "VMware模拟Linux服务器安装图解",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc82"
}
},
{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "3",
"_version" : 2,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "Xshell教程",
"author" : "chengyuqiang",
"content" : "Xshell 6 个人版安装与远程操作连接服务器...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc84"
}
}
]
}

7)简单搜索

这里介绍一下简单的文档搜索操作,后面章节会详细介绍。

1、词项查询, 也称 term 查询

【示例一】

GET blog/_search
{
"query": {
"term": {
"title": "centos"
}
}
}

输出:

{
"took" : 1,
"timed_out" : false,
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 2,
"skipped" : 0,
"failed" : 0
},
"hits" : {
"total" : {
"value" : 1,
"relation" : "eq"
},
"max_score" : 0.71023846,
"hits" : [
{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "4",
"_score" : 0.71023846,
"_source" : {
"title" : "4、CentOS 7.x基本设置",
"author" : "chengyuqiang",
"content" : "CentOS 7.x基本设置",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc85"
}
}
]
}
}

【示例二】

GET blog/_search
{
"query": {
"term": {
"title": "远程"
}
}
}

输出:

{
"took" : 0,
"timed_out" : false,
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 2,
"skipped" : 0,
"failed" : 0
},
"hits" : {
"total" : {
"value" : 0,
"relation" : "eq"
},
"max_score" : null,
"hits" : [ ]
}
}

【示例三】

GET blog/_search
{
"query": {
"term": {
"title": "程"
}
}
}

输出:

{
"took" : 2,
"timed_out" : false,
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 2,
"skipped" : 0,
"failed" : 0
},
"hits" : {
"total" : {
"value" : 1,
"relation" : "eq"
},
"max_score" : 1.3486402,
"hits" : [
{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "3",
"_score" : 1.3486402,
"_source" : {
"title" : "Xshell教程",
"author" : "chengyuqiang",
"content" : "Xshell 6 个人版安装与远程操作连接服务器...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc84"
}
}
]
}
}

2、匹配查询,也称match查询

与term精确查询不同,对于match查询,只要被查询字段中存在任何一个词项被匹配,就会搜索到该文档。

GET blog/_search
{
"query": {
"match": {
"title": {
"query": "远程"
}
}
}
}

输出:

{
"took" : 9,
"timed_out" : false,
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 2,
"skipped" : 0,
"failed" : 0
},
"hits" : {
"total" : {
"value" : 1,
"relation" : "eq"
},
"max_score" : 1.3486402,
"hits" : [
{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "3",
"_score" : 1.3486402,
"_source" : {
"title" : "Xshell教程",
"author" : "chengyuqiang",
"content" : "Xshell 6 个人版安装与远程操作连接服务器...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc84"
}
}
]
}
}

8)路由机制

当你索引(动词,对该文档建立倒排索引)一个文档,它被存储到master节点上的一个主分片上。

Elasticsearch是如何知道文档属于哪个分片的呢?当你创建一个新文档,它是如何知道是应该存储在分片1还是分片2上的呢?
解答这个问题,我们需要了解Elasticsearch的路由机制。
简单地说,Elasticsearch将具有相关Hash值的文档存放到同一个主分片中,分片位置计算算法如下:

shard = hash(routing) % number_of_primary_shards

算法说明:

  • routing值是一个字符串,它默认是文档_id,也可以自定义。这个routing字符串通过哈希函数生成一个数字,然后除以主切片的数量得到一个余数(remainder),余数的范围是[0 , number_of_primary_shards-1],这个数字就是特定文档所在的分片。

  • 之前我们介绍过,创建索引时需要指定主分片数量,该不能修改。这是因为如果主分片的数量在未来改变了,所有先前的路由值就失效了,文档也就永远找不到了。

  • 该算法基本可以保证所有文档在所有分片上平均分布,不会导致数据分布不均(数据倾斜)的情况。

  • 默认情况下,routing值是文档的_id。我们创建文档时可以指定id的值;如果不指定id时,Elasticsearch将随机生成文档的_id值。这将导致在查询文档时,Elasticsearch不能确定文档的位置,需要将请求广播到所有的分片节点上。

假设我们有一个10个分片的索引。当一个请求在集群上执行时基本过程如下:

  • 这个搜索的请求会被发送到一个节点。

  • 接收到这个请求的节点,将这个查询广播到这个索引的每个分片上(可能是主分片,也可能是复制分片)。

  • 每个分片执行这个搜索查询并返回结果。

  • 结果在通道节点上合并、排序并返回给用户。

了解Elasticsearch的路由机制后,我们可以在创建某一类文档时指定文档的路由值,这样ElasticSearch就知道在处理这一类文档时,如何定位到正确的分片。比如,把某一特定类型的书籍存储到特定的分片上去,这样在搜索这一类书籍的时候就可以避免搜索其它的分片,也就避免了多个分片搜索结果的合并。路由机制向 Elasticsearch提供一种信息来决定哪些分片用于存储和查询。同一个路由值将映射到同一个分片。这基本上就是在说:“通过使用用户提供的路由值,就可以做到定向存储,定向搜索。

所有的文档API(GET、INDEX、DELETE、BULK、UPDATE、MGET)都接收一个routing参数,它用来自定义文档到分片的映射。添加routing参数形式与URL参数形式相同url?参数名=参数值

PUT blog/_doc/1?routing=haron
{
"title":"1、VMware安装",
"author":"hadron",
"content":"VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解...",
"url":"http://x.co/6nc81"
}

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 1,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 12,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

查询

GET blog/_doc/1?routing=hardon

输出:

{
"_index" : "blog",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 1,
"_routing" : "hardon",
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "1、VMware安装",
"author" : "hadron",
"content" : "VMware Workstation虚拟机软件安装图解...",
"url" : "http://x.co/6nc81"
}
}

【注意】自定义routing值可以造成数据分布不均的情况。例如用户hadron的文档非常多,有数十万个,而其他大多数用户的文档只有数个到数十个,这样将导致hadron所在的分片较大。

9)版本控制

参考文档:

  • https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/guide/2.x/version-control.html

  • https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/guide/2.x/optimistic-concurrency-control.html

  • https://elasticsearch.cn/book/elasticsearch_definitive_guide_2.x/version-control.html

  • https://elasticsearch.cn/book/elasticsearch_definitive_guide_2.x/optimistic-concurrency-control.html

【示例一】不带版本

PUT website
{
"settings" : {
"index" : {
"number_of_shards" : 1,
"number_of_replicas" : 1
}
}
}

PUT website/_doc/1/_create
{
"title": "My first blog entry",
"text": "Just trying this out..."
}

查看

GET website/_doc/1

输出:

{
"_index" : "website",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 1,
"found" : true,
"_source" : {
"title" : "My first blog entry",
"text" : "Just trying this out..."
}
}

【示例二】指定版本

PUT website/_doc/1?version=1
{
"title": "My first blog entry",
"text": "Starting to get the hang of this..."
}

输出:

{
"_index" : "website",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "1",
"_version" : 2,
"result" : "updated",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 1,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

例如,要创建一个新的具有外部版本号 5 的博客文章,我们可以按以下方法进行:

PUT website/_doc/2?version=5&version_type=external
{
"title": "My first external blog entry",
"text": "Starting to get the hang of this..."
}

在响应中,我们能看到当前的 _version 版本号是 5 :

{
"_index" : "website",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "2",
"_version" : 5,
"result" : "created",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 2,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

现在我们更新这个文档,指定一个新的 version 号是 10 :

PUT website/_doc/2?version=10&version_type=external
{
"title": "My first external blog entry",
"text": "This is a piece of cake..."
}

请求成功并将当前 _version 设为 10 :

{
"_index" : "website",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "2",
"_version" : 10,
"result" : "updated",
"_shards" : {
"total" : 2,
"successful" : 1,
"failed" : 0
},
"_seq_no" : 3,
"_primary_term" : 1
}

如果你要重新运行此请求时,它将会失败,并返回像我们之前看到的同样的冲突错误, 因为指定的外部版本号不大于 Elasticsearch 的当前版本号。

{
"error": {
"root_cause": [
{
"type": "version_conflict_engine_exception",
"reason": "[_doc][2]: version conflict, current version [10] is higher or equal to the one provided [10]",
"index_uuid": "5616aEUkQ7yvQIYUDyLudg",
"shard": "0",
"index": "website"
}
],
"type": "version_conflict_engine_exception",
"reason": "[_doc][2]: version conflict, current version [10] is higher or equal to the one provided [10]",
"index_uuid": "5616aEUkQ7yvQIYUDyLudg",
"shard": "0",
"index": "website"
},
"status": 409
}

10)refresh

1、立即刷新,文档可见

这些将创建一个文档并立即刷新索引,使其可见:

DELETE test
PUT test/_doc/1?refresh
{"message": "测试文档1"}
PUT test/_doc/2?refresh=true
{"message": "测试文档2"}

2、不刷新

这些将创建一个文档而不做任何使搜索可见的内容:

PUT test/_doc/3
{"message": "测试文档3"}
PUT test/_doc/4?refresh=false
{"message": "测试文档4"}

3、等待刷新可见

PUT test/_doc/5?refresh=wait_for
{"message": "测试文档5"}

Elasticsearch 常见的操作就先到这里了,想了解更多的API 接口操作,可以查阅官方文档或私信我,也可关注我的公众号【大数据与云原生技术分享】加群交流~


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